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Daƙiƙa:Ridda

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Ridda shi ne fita daga addinin Musulunci da kuma juya baya gare shi. Musulmin da ya bar Musulunci ana kiransa Murtaddi.

Ana samun ridda ne ta hanyar musun samuwar Allah, ko ƙaryata gaskiyar Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W), ko ƙaryata addinin Musulunci, ko kuma musun abubuwan da suke wajibi a addini kamar sallah da azumi. Haka kuma tana iya tabbata ta hanyar zagin abubuwan da addini ya tsarkake a fili, kamar Ka'aba.

An raba murtaddi zuwa nau'i biyu: Murtaddi Fiɗri (Murtaddi na asali) Murtaddi Milli (Wanda ya yi ridda bayan ya kasance ba Musulmi ba) Kowanne daga cikinsu yana da hukuncin shari'a na musamman.

Bisa ga ra'ayin mafi yawan malaman fiƙihu, hukuncin namiji murtaddi na asali shi ne kisa. Amma namiji murtaddi milli ana ba shi damar tuba da komawa addini; idan ya ƙi tuba, sai a kashe shi. Amma mace murtaddiya, ko ta kasance ta asali ko ta milli, ba a kashe ta. Sai dai ana tsare ta a kurkuku har sai ta tuba.

Wasu malaman fiƙihu sun saɓa da wannan ra'ayin da aka fi sani, suna ganin cewa ko namiji murtaddi na asali idan ya tuba ba za a kashe shi ba.

Daga cikin sauran hukunce-hukuncen ridda akwai cewa murtaddi najasa ne, kuma ba ya halatta yin aure da shi.

A ra'ayin wasu malamai, dalilin samar da irin waɗannan hukunce-hukunce ga ridda shi ne hana sakaci wajen riƙon addini tsakanin Musulmi da kuma kare aƙidun addini daga raunana su ta hannun masu adawa da Musulunci.

Bayan dawo da wasu dokokin shari'ar Musulunci a jihohi 12 na Arewacin Najeriya a shekarar 1999M. an samar da wasu shari'a penal codes domin wasu lefuka

Ma'anar Ridda Da Nau'o'inta

Ridda kalma ce ta fannin fiƙihu, kuma malaman fiƙihu sun fassara ta da ma'anar juya baya ko barin addinin Musulunci.[1] Musulmin da ya fita daga addinin Musulunci ana kiransa Murtaddi.[2] A cikin littattafan fiƙihu, ana magana game da ridda a sassa daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai: Ɗahara (Tsarki), sallah, zakka, azumi , aikin Hajji, kasuwanci, aure, da gado.[3] A wasu littattafan fiƙihu kuma, an ware wani sashe na musamman mai taken Kitabul Murtadd, domin tattauna hukunce-hukuncen ridda.[4]

Nau'o'in Murtaddi

Murtaddi yana da nau'o'i biyu, kuma kowanne daga cikinsu yana da nasa hukunce-hukuncen musamman:[5] Murtaddi Fiɗri Shi ne mutumin da aka haife shi Musulmi;[6] wato mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa, ko ɗaya daga cikinsu, Musulmi ne,[7] sannan daga baya ya fita daga addinin Musulunci.[8]Murtaddi Milli Shi ne mutumin da tun farko ba Musulmi ba ne, sannan ya karɓi Musulunci, daga baya kuma ya koma ya bar addinin Musulunci.[9]

Sharuɗɗan Da Hanyoyin Tabbatar Da Ridda

Ridda tana tabbata ne ta hanyoyi biyu: ta hanyar magana da kuma ta hanyar aiki:

  • Ridda ta hanyar magana: Wannan ita ce mutum ya faɗi wata kalma da take nuna cewa ya fita daga addinin Musulunci. Misali, ya ce: Allah ba ya wanzuwa, ko Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) ba Manzon Allah ba ne, ko addinin Musulunci ba shi ne addinin gaskiya ba.[10] Haka kuma musun abubuwan da suke wajibi a addini yana cikin wannan nau'in.[11] Ma'anar abin da ake kira wajibin addini shi ne wani abu da kasancewarsa a Musulunci yake a sarari sosai har ba ya buƙatar hujja, kuma dukkan Musulmi sun yarda da shi; kamar wajabcin sallah, azumi da Hajji.[12]
  • Ridda ta hanyar aiki: Wannan ita ce mutum ya aikata wani aiki na kafirci da gangan, yana kuma sane cewa wannan aikin na kafirci ne. Misali, ya yi sujjada ga wani gunki, ko ya bauta wa wata ko rana, ko kuma ya yi cin mutunci a fili ga abubuwan da addini ya tsarkake kamar Ka'aba.[13]

A ra'ayin Ayatullahi Fadil Lankarani, shakku ko tambaya game da Tauhidi da Annabci, muddin bai kai ga musun su ko ƙaryata su ba, ba ya jawo ridda.[14]

Allama Sha'arani ya bayyana cewa: "Mai bincike wanda yake neman hujja da dalili, idan ya fuskanci shakku kuma yana ƙoƙarin gano addinin gaskiya, wannan shakku ba ya sanya shi kafiri ko murtaddi a lokacin bincikensa; amma sharaɗin shi ne kada ya yi musun addinin da harshensa."[15]

Malaman fiƙihu sun ɗauki waɗannan abubuwa a matsayin sharuɗɗan samuwar ridda: Hankali, Balaga, Nufi, Zaɓi da ƴanci (ba tilastawa ba)[16] Saboda waɗannan sharuɗɗa, idan mahaukaci ko wanda bai kai shekarun balaga ba ya faɗi kalaman kafirci, ba a ɗaukra sa a matsayin murtaddi.[17] Haka kuma wanda ya faɗi kalaman kafirci ba da gangan ba, ko aka tilasta masa ya faɗe su, ba a ƙirga shi a matsayin murtaddi ba.[18]

A fatawar malaman fiƙihu, ana tabbatar da ridda ta hanyoyi biyu: Iƙirarin mutum da kansa cewa ya yi ridda. Shaidar mutane biyu adalai (Bayyina), wato maza biyu masu adalci su shaida cewa wani mutum ya yi ridda.[19] A cewar Shahidul Awwal, idan mutane biyu sun yi shaida cewa wani ya yi ridda, sannan wannan mutum ya ce: "Na yi kuskure," za a karɓi maganarsa. Haka ma idan ya ce an tilasta masa aikata hakan, kuma akwai wata alama ko hujja da ke tabbatar da maganarsa.[20]

Misalan Ridda A Duniyar Musulunci

A cikin littattafan tafsiri da na tarihi, an kawo wasu misalai na mutanen da suka yi ridda a zamanin Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W).[21] Daga cikin waɗannan akwai ƴaƴan Abul Husain, wanda yana daga cikin Ansar. Waɗannan mutane biyu sun fita daga Musulunci saboda gayyatar wasu Kiristoci, suka koma addinin Kiristanci.[22] Annabi (S.A.W) ya tsine musu kuma ya kira su daga cikin farkon mutanen da suka yi ridda.[23] Haka kuma akwai Uƙba Bin Abi Mu'aiɗi wanda yana daga cikin manyan mutanen Ƙuraishawa. Domin ya sa Annabi (S.A.W) ya ci abincinsa, ya furta kalmar shahada, amma daga baya saboda buƙatar abokinsa Umayya Bin Khalaf, ya tofa yawu a kan Annabi (S.A.W) sannan ya taka wuyansa, har ya zama murtaddi. Bayan an kama shi a yaƙin Badar, Annabi (S.A.W) ya bayar da umarnin kashe shi.[24][Tsokaci 1]

Daga cikin matan da aka ruwaito sun yi ridda a zamanin Annabi (S.A.W) akwai Ummu Hakam ƴar Abu Sufyan da Faɗima ƴar uwar Ummu Salama matar Annabi (S.A.W). Ummu Hakam ta sake Musulunta a lokacin Fatahu Makka.[25] Haka kuma Abdullahi Bin Sa'ad Bin Abi Sarh yana daga cikin masu rubuta Alƙur'ani, amma ya yi ridda. Annabi (S.A.W) ya bayar da umarnin kashe shi, sai dai saboda ceton da Usman Bin Affan ya yi masa, aka yafe masa.[26]

Sayyid Abdul Karim Musawi Ardabili, a cikin littafinsa na fiƙihu Fiƙhul Hudud wa at-Ta'zirat, ya kawo misalan ridda da suka faru a zamanin Annabi (S.A.W) da Imamai (A.S).[27]

A shekarun baya-bayan nan, an kashe wasu mutane ko kuma aka yanke musu hukunci bisa zargin ridda. Daga cikinsu akwai:

  • Ahmad Kasrawi: An kashe shi a shekara ta 1324 Shamsiyya (1945 M) ta hannun wasu mambobin Fada'iyan Islam, bisa zargin ridda, saboda kalaman da ya rubuta a mujallar "Shi'anci" (Shi'igari) inda aka ce ya yi wa addinin Musulunci da Shi'a isgilanci.[28]
  • Salman Rushdi: Saboda rubuta littafin "Ayoyin Shaidan" (Ayat Shaiɗan) a watan Mehr na shekara ta 1367 Sh (Oktoba 1988 M), an yanke masa hukuncin kisa bisa fatawar shugaban Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran a lokacin, Imam Khomaini.[29] An bayyana cewa dalilin wannan hukunci shi ne zargin cewa Salman Rushdi ya yi ridda.[30]
  • Shahin Najafi: Mawaƙin Hiphop ne wanda aka zarge shi da yin ɓatanci ga Imam Hadi (A.S), inda Ayatullahi Safi Golfaigani ya yi magana a kansa.[31]

Hukunce-hukuncen Ridda

Wasu daga cikin Hukunce-hukuncen Ridda:

Hukuncin Ladabtar Da Mai Ridda

Hukuncin namijin murtaddi milli idan bai tuba ba, da kuma namijin Murtaddi Fiɗri, shi ne kisa.[32] Amma mace murtaddiya ana tsare ta a kurkuku har sai ta tuba ko kuma ta mutu.[33] Sai dai mace murtaddiya Fiɗriyya da kuma murtaddi milli, ko namiji ko mace, idan sun tuba, ana karɓar tubansu..[34]

Wasu malaman fiƙihu sun gabatar da wasu ra'ayoyi daban a kan hukunce-hukuncen ridda saɓanin fatawar da ta fi shahara. Daga cikinsu akwai Sayyid Abdul Karim Musawi Ardabili[35] da Muhammad Is'haƙ Fayyaz, daga cikin manyan maraji'an taƙlidi, waɗanda suka ɗauki hukuncin namijin murtaddi Fiɗri kamar sauran nau'o'in murtaddi; wato sun yi fatawa cewa idan namijin Murtaddi Fiɗri ya tuba, ba za a hukunta shi ba.[36]

Abdullahi Jawadi Amoli kuma ya bayyana cewa mutumin da ya shiga shakku saboda bincike da neman gaskiya sannan ya bar addini, ba za a kashe shi ba; domin bisa ga hadisai, ba a aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen haddodi idan akwai shakku.[37]

Sayyid Muhammad Sa'id Hakim, daga cikin malaman da ake koyi da su, ya bayyana wani ra'ayi daban cewa, duk da cewa bisa ga ayoyin Alƙur'ani murtaddi yana cancantar babban azaba a Lahira, amma hukuncin duniya ba aikin wani mutum ba ne.[38]

Wasu masu bincike kuma sun kai ga ra'ayin cewa hukuncin murtaddi yana daga cikin hukunce-hukuncen ta'aziri masu sauyawa da kuma hukuncin shugabanci (Hukmul wilayi), wanda Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) ya kafa a farkon Musulunci domin tunkarar fitina da yaudara daga wasu kafirai da munafukai.

A cewar wannan ra'ayi, sanya hukuncin murtaddi, gwargwadonsa da yadda za a aiwatar da shi, ya danganta ne da maslahar al'ummar Musulmi da kuma yanayin da ake ciki, kuma yana ƙarƙashin shawarar jagoran al'umma.[39]

Falsafar Hukuncin Murtaddi

A wajen bayyana hikimar da ke bayan hukuncin murtaddi, an ambaci dalilai daban-daban:

  • Saboda Musulunci shi ne ginshiƙin tsarin siyasa, yin ridda da kuma bayyana ta a fili na iya haifar da raunana Musulunci da rushe tsarin siyasa da aka gina a kansa. Saboda haka, ana ganin cewa gwamnatin Musulunci tana da alhakin tsayawa kan bayyanar ridda a fili da kuma sanya hukunci a kanta.[40]
  • Saboda Musulunci yana matsayin abin da ke haɗa al'umma wuri guda, yin ridda da bayyana ta na iya haifar da rarrabuwar mutane. Mahadi Bazargan ya naƙalto daga Farfesa Marcel Boisard, malamin shari'a a Jami'ar Geneva, cewa: Dalilin tsauraran matakan Musulunci game da murtaddi yana iya kasancewa saboda a tsarin mulki da gudanarwar al'ummomin Musulmi, imani da Allah ba abu ne na aƙida da mutum ke ɓoye a zuciya kawai ba, sai dai yana daga cikin ginshiƙan haɗin kan al'umma da tushen gwamnati; ta yadda idan aka rasa shi, ƙarfin al'umma da ɗorewarta za su rushe. Wannan yana kama da kisan rai ko haifar da fitina da ɓarna, waɗanda ba za a iya amincewa da su ba."[41]
  • Bayyana Musulunci yana nufin mutum ya ɗauki nauyin bin wani tsari na musamman kuma ya karɓi wata takamaiman ma'anar asalin zamantakewarsa. Saboda haka, ridda tana iya zama wani nau'i na tawaye ga asalin haɗin kan jama'a, wanda zai iya kawo cikas ga zaman lafiyar al'umma.[42]
  • Dalilin tsaurara hukunci a kan ridda shi ne kada a ɗauki addini a matsayin wani abu mai sauƙi, domin a sa hankali sosai wajen zaɓar addini da shiga cikinsa.[43]
  • Hukuncin murtaddi yana hana masu adawa da Musulunci shiga addinin Musulunci da nufin raunana imanin mutane, sannan daga baya su fita daga Musuluncin. An bayyana cewa irin wannan makirci ya kasance daga cikin dabarun maƙiyan Musulunci a farkon bayyanar Musulunci, shi ya sa aka sanya hukuncin murtaddi.[44]

Sauran Hukunce-hukunce

Bisa ga tushen littattafan fiƙihu, wasu daga cikin hukunce-hukuncen ridda su ne kamar haka:

  • Najasa: Ridda tana sanya murtaddi ya zama najasa.[45] Amma mace murtaddiya Fiɗriyya da kuma murtaddi milli, ko namiji ko mace, idan suka tuba, suna komawa tsarkaka.[46]
  • Rushewar Aure:Idan bayan an ɗaura aure amma kafin a yi jima'i, ɗaya daga cikin miji ko mata ya yi ridda, to auren yana rushewa.[47] Idan bayan an yi jima'i namiji ya yi ridda kuma shi Murtaddi Fiɗri ne, to auren ya rushe. Amma idan mace ta yi ridda, ko ta kasance Fiɗriyya ko milliya, idan ba ta tuba ba har zuwa ƙarshen lokacin idda, to auren yana rushewa; amma idan ta tuba kafin wannan lokacin, auren yana nan daram. Haka ma idan namijin ya kasance murtaddi milli, wannan hukunci yana aiki a kansa.[48] Haka kuma ridda tana hana Musulmi yin aure da murtaddi.[49]
  • Gado: Ridda tana hana murtaddi ya gada daga Musulmi.[50]

Hukuncin Murtaddi Da Kuma Tsarin Dokokin Najeriya

Wani bincike kan aiwatar da Shari'a a arewacin Najeriya ya nuna cewa ridda ba a saka ta kai tsaye cikin Shari'a Penal Codes ba, saboda tanadin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya na ƴancin tunani, lamiri da addini (Sashe na 38)[51]

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Don duba misali: Shahidus Sani, Hashiyatul Irshad, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 285; Musawi Ardabili, Fiƙhul Hudud wa at-Ta'azirat, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 44–46.
  2. ↑ Don duba misali: Khuyi, Takmilatul Minhaj, shafi na 53; Wahid Khurasani, Minhajus Salihin, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 500; Musawi Ardabili, Fiƙhul Hudud wa at-Ta'azirat, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 44–46.
  3. ↑ Mu'assase Da'iratil Ma'arif Fiƙh Islami, Farhange Fiƙh, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 366.
  4. ↑ Mu'assase Da'iratil Ma'arif Fiƙh Islami, Farhange Fiƙh, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 366.
  5. ↑ Ku duba: Muhaƙƙiƙ Hilli, Shara'i'ul Islam, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 170–171.
  6. ↑ Muhaƙƙiƙ Hilli, Shara'i'ul Islam, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 170.
  7. ↑ Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 41, shafi na 602.
  8. ↑ Muhaƙƙiƙ Hilli, Shara'i'ul Islam, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 170.
  9. ↑ Muhaƙƙiƙ Hilli, Shara'i'ul Islam, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 171.
  10. ↑ Musawi Ardabili, Fiƙhul Hudud wa at-Ta'azirat, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 47.
  11. ↑ Mu'assase Da'iratil Ma'arif Fiƙh Islami, Farhange Fiƙh, juzu'i na 5, shafi na 146.
  12. ↑ Mu'assase Da'iratil Ma'arif Fiƙh Islami, Farhange Fiƙh, juzu'i na 5, shafi na 146.
  13. ↑ Musawi Ardabili, Fiƙhul Hudud wa at-Ta'azirat, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 47-48.
  14. ↑ Fadil Lankarani, Jami'ul Masa'il, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 504. (An naƙalto daga: Sorush Mahallati, Azadi, Aƙl wa Iman, shafi na 282–283.)
  15. ↑ Hurru Amili, Wasa'ilush Shi'a, juzu'i na 18, shafi na 596. (An naƙalto daga: Sorush Mahallati, Azadi, Aƙl wa Iman, shafi na 284.)
  16. ↑ Don duba misali: Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 41, shafi na 609–610; Musawi Ardabili, Fiƙhul Hudud wa at-Ta'azirat, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 102, 105 da 115.
  17. ↑ Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 41, shafi na 609.
  18. ↑ Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 41, shafi na 609–610.
  19. ↑ Ku duba: Shahidul Awwal, Ad-Durus Ash-Shar'iyya, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 52; Allama Hilli, Tahrir al-Ahkam, juzu'i na 5, shafi na 397.
  20. ↑ Shahidul Awwal,Ad-Durus Ash-Shar'iyya, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 52.
  21. ↑ Sadiƙi Fadaki, Irtidad, shafi na 293.
  22. ↑ Sadiƙi Fadaki, Irtidad, shafi na 293–294.
  23. ↑ Sadiƙi Fadaki, Irtidad, shafi na 294.
  24. ↑ Razi, At-Tafsirul Kabir, juzu'i na 24, shafi na 454; Sadiƙi Fadaki, Irtidad, shafi na 295–296.
  25. ↑ Sadiƙi Fadaki, Irtidad, shafi na 312.
  26. ↑ Ibn A'asam Al-Kufi, Al-Futuh, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 356.
  27. ↑ Don duba misali: Musawi Ardabili, Fiƙhul Hudud wa at-Ta'azirat, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 5–29.
  28. ↑ «سرنوشتی که نواب برای سوزاننده قرآن رقم زد، Shafin yanar gizon labaran Mashriq
  29. ↑ «فتوای تاریخی امام خمینی مبنی بر مهدورالدم بودن سلمان رشدی»، Kamfanin dillancin labarai na ISNA.
  30. ↑ «فتوای تاریخی امام خمینی مبنی بر مهدورالدم بودن سلمان رشدی»، amfanin dillancin labarai na ISNA.
  31. ↑ https://rasekhoon.net/news/show/295762
  32. ↑ Muhaƙƙiƙ Hilli, Shara'i'ul Islam, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 170–171.
  33. ↑ Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 41, shafi na 611–612.
  34. ↑ Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 41, shafi na 612–613.
  35. ↑ Musawi Ardabili, Fiƙhul Hudud wa at-Ta'azirat, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 151.
  36. ↑ Fayyaz Kabuli, Risalat Tawdihul Masa'il, shafi na 626.
  37. ↑ Jawadi Amoli, Tafsir Tasnim, juzu'i na 12, shafi na 183–184.
  38. ↑ مجازات افراد مرتد از اسلام وظیفه‌ی ما نیست, Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Shafaqna
  39. ↑ Sorush Mahallati, Azadi, Aƙl wa Iman, shafi na 287–305.
  40. ↑ Auda, At-Tashri'ul Jina'i Al-Islami, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 536 da 631; Muɗahhari, Yaddasht-ha, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 316.
  41. ↑ Mibudi, Dindari wa Azadi, shafi na 135.
  42. ↑ Fadlullah, «Azadi wa Dimukrasi,» shafi na 114.
  43. ↑ Shakerin, Porsesh-ha wa Pasokh-haye Daneshjuyi, shafi na 317.
  44. ↑ Shakerin, Porsesh-ha wa Pasokh-haye Daneshjuyi, shafi na 314.
  45. ↑ Shaik Ɗusi, Al-Mabsut, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 14.
  46. ↑ Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 6, shafi na 293.
  47. ↑ Muhaƙƙiƙ Hilli, Shara'i'ul Islam, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 170–171.
  48. ↑ Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 30, shafi na 4
  49. ↑ Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 30, shafi na 47.
  50. ↑ Don duba misali: Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 39, shafi na 17.
  51. ↑ http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/media/publications/sharia-implementation-in-northern-nigeria/vol_4_2_chapter_4_part_I.pdf

Tsokaci

  1. ↑ Zahhak ya ce: "Sa’ad da Uƙba ya tofa wa Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yau, tofar da ya yi ta dawo kan fuskarsa. Allah Ya la'ance shi, kuma bai samu abin da yake niyyar samu ba. Tofar ta ƙona kumatunsa, kuma alamarta ta kasance a kumatunsa har ya mutu, sannan ya shiga Jahannama." Ƙurɗubi, Tafsirul Ƙurɗubi, juzu’i na 13, shafi na 26.

Nassoshi

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  • «سرنوشتی که نواب برای سوزاننده قرآن رقم زد + تصاویر»، (Makomar da Nawwab ya tsara wa wanda ya ƙona Alƙur'ani + hotuna), Shafin yanar gizon Mashriq, ranar wallafawa: 6 Janairu 2013 M, ranar dubawa: 23 Fabrairu 2019M.

مجازات افراد مرتد از اسلام وظیفه‌ی ما نیست:(Hukunta mutanen da suka yi ridda daga Musulunci ba aikinmu ba ne.) Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Ƙasashen Duniya na Shafaqna, ranar da aka buga labari: 19 ga Mayu, 2018, ranar da aka duba: 15 ga Satumba, 2026M.