Bashi
Bashi, (Larabci: القرض) ba da kuɗi ga wani bisa yarjejeniya cewa wanda ya karɓa zai dawo su, ba da bashi ko rance kamar yadda ya zo cikin ayoyin kur'ani da riwayoyi yana daga ayyuka na mustahabbi a muslunci, haƙiƙa muslunci ya yi bushara da lada mai girma ga mai ba da bashi, ɗaya daga muhimmanci da ba da bashi yake da shi an siffanta shi da ba da rance ga Allah, shi ba da bashi ga Allah wanda ake kira da ƙarzul hasan, bashi ne da yake fitowa daga kuɗaɗe na halal wanda ba a ɓata shi da gori da cutarwa ba, cikin riwaya an yi umarni da kuma nasiha da kyawunta mu'amala yayin neman dawo da bashin da aka bayar. Ingancin bashi ya dogara da sharuɗɗa misalin balaga, hankali da kuma zaɓi, sannan ƙari kan waɗannan gama garin sharuɗɗa akwai keɓantattun sharuɗɗa da aka ambata kan ingancin bashi; misalin idan ya zamana an ayyana lokacin dawo da bashi, haƙiƙa wanda ya ba da rancce ba shi da haƙƙin neman a dawo masa da kuɗin gabanin cikar wannan ayyanannen lokaci, haka kuma an bayyana cewa jinkirta biyan bashi matsayin zunubi, Neman biyan bashi fiye da miƙdarin da aka bayar shi ma yana daga haramun.
Ma'ana
bashi yana nufin ba da rancen kuɗi ga wani tare da yarjejeniya dawo da wannan kuɗaɗe.[1] cikin ayoyin kur'ani an ambaci ƙarzul hasan, ma'ana kyakkyawan bashi ko rance.[2] kan wannan asasi, ƙarzul hasan wani bashi ne da yake fitowa daga dukiyar halal wanda kuma ba a lalata shi ba da gori da taƙurawa wanda aka bawa rance.[3] ƙarzul hasan a ma'ana ta fiƙihu shi ne bashi wanda babu riba a cikinsa.[4]
Matsayi Da Muhimmanci
Cikin ayoyin kur'ani da riwayoyi an tabbatatar da muhimmancin ƙarzun hasan tare da nuna cewa daidai yake da baiwa Allah rance.[5] bisa wata riwaya daga Annabi (S.A.W), haƙiƙa ladan ba da bashi ya fifici na sadaƙa.[6] ayoyi na 45 suratul baƙara, 12 suratul ma'ida, 11 da 18 suratul hadid, 17 suratul tagabun da aya 20 suratul muzammil ayoyi ne game da ƙarzul hasan.[7] bisa ayoyin kur'ani da riwayoyi da aka naƙalto su daga Annabi (S.A.W) da Ahlul-baiti (A.S) haƙiƙa ba da bashi yana daga ayyukan mustahabbi, mai ba da bashi zai samu lada mai girma ranar alƙiyama.[8] haka kuma Imamai ma'asumai (A.S) sun umarni ga mai neman biyan bashi da kyautata mu'amala da lalami yayin neman biyan bashi. Bisa riwaya daga Imam Sadiƙ (A.S), duk wanda ya ba da rance ga mabuƙaci, sannan ya bi da lalami da kyautawa yayin neman biyan bashi, za a goge zunubansu.[9]
Duk da cewa riwayoyi sun kwaɗaitar kan ba da bashi, amma tare da haka riwayoyi sun zargi mai neman karɓar bashi, daga jumlar waɗannan riwayoyi akwai riwaya da ake dangantawa ga Imam Ali (A.S), wace cikinta yake hani kan karɓar bashi, saboda shi bashi yana haifar da wulaƙanci da rana sannan kuma baƙin ciki da dare.[10]
Akwatunan ajiya na ƙarzul hasan da aka tanada domin ba da rance ga mabuƙata haka kuma tare da manufar ƙauracewa riba da bankuna suka saba sharɗantawa masu karɓar bashi daga gare su, kafin nasarar juyin juya halin muslunci a Iran a da ya faru 1979 miladi, waɗannan akwatuna aka samar da su.[11] sannan risalolin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a sun yi bayanin hukunce-hukuncen wannan nau'in bashi.[12]
Hukunce-hukuncen bashi
bashi a mahangar fiƙihu yana nufin ba da kuɗi ga wani mutum tare da sharaɗin zai dawo da su.[13] ingancin bashi ya ɗoru kan gama garin sharuɗɗa misalin: balaga, hankali, nufi da zaɓi, haka kuma yana da keɓantattun sharuɗɗa daga misalin: dole abin da za a bayar bashi ya zama yana daga abubuwan da za a iya mallaka, saɓanin barasa giya da alade, kuma dole abin da za a bayar bashin ya kasance ayyananne ba mubhami da ba san ko mene ne shi ba.[14]
Ba'arin Hukunce-hukuncen bashi
Bisa fiƙihun shi'a, idan cikin yarjejeniyar bashi ya zamana an ayyana lokacin biyan wannan bashi, mai bashi ba zai iya neman biya shi bashinsa ba kafin cikar wannan lokaci, amma idan ba a ayyana lokaci ba, to kowanne lokaci zai iya nema a biya shi bashinsa.[15] idan mai ba da bashi ya nemi a biya shi bashinsa, wajibi ne wanda ya ci bashi ya biya nan take ba tare da jinkiri ba, jinkirta biyan bashi ana lissafa shi cikin zunubi.[16]
Riba Cikin bashi
- Tushen ƙasida: Ribar bashi
ɗaya daga cikin mas'aloli dangane da maudu'i da yake da alaƙa da bashi, riba cikin bashi tana da ma'anar sanya sharaɗi cewa mai ba da bashi za a masa ƙari wani miƙdari yayin dawo da kuɗin, babu bambanci an fayyace shi ƙarara yayin bayarwa ko ba a fayyace ba.[17] na'am miƙdarin da bisa zaɓi mai karɓar bashi yayin dawo da shi ya ƙara kan abin da ya karba ba a lissafa shi a matsayin riba bisa ra'ayin fiƙihun shi'a da ahlus-sunna.[18]
Bayanin kula
- ↑ Muassaseh Dayiratul Fiqh Islami, Farhang Fiqh, vol. 6, 1395, shafi na 549.
- ↑ Duba: Suratul Baqarah, aya ta 245; Suratul Muzmal, aya ta 20; Suratul Taghaban, aya ta 17; Suratul Hadid, aya ta 11 da ta 18.
- ↑ Tabarsi, Majmam al-Bayan, 1372, juzu'i na 2, shafi.607.
- ↑ Javadi Amoli, Tasnim, 1385, juzu'i.11, shafi.583.
- ↑ Makarem Shirazi, Riba wa Bankedari Islami, 1380, shafi na 127.
- ↑ Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 4, shafi na 10.
- ↑ Makarem Shirazi, Riba wa Bankidari Islami, 1380, shafi na 127.
- ↑ Falahzadeh, Ahkam Ad-dini, 1374, shafi na 186; Imam Khumaini, Tahrir al-Wasila, 1390H, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 652.
- ↑ Saduq, Sawabul A'mal, 1406 BC, shafi na 289.
- ↑ Kulayni, al-Kafi, 1407 A.H., vol. 5, shafi na 95, hadisi 11; ka duba kuma: Amadi, Ghurar al-Hakam, 1410 A.H., shafi na 363, hadisi 8214; Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Sharhh Nahj al-Balaghah, 1964 A.D., vol. 20, shafi na 306, hadisi 503.
- ↑ Misali, duba: Ahmadi Mianji, Khadirat Ayatollah Ali Ahmadi Mianji, shafi na 86; Sharif Razi, Ganjineh al-Daneshaniman, 1370, juzu'i na 9, shafi na 102, 209, 270, da 343.
- ↑ Misali, duba: Safi Golpayegani, Jame al-Ahkam, 2005, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 302-303.
- ↑ Imam Khumaini, Tahrir al-Wasila, 1390H, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 651.
- ↑ Imam Khumaini, Tahrir al-Wasila, 1390H, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 652.
- ↑ Usoli, risaleh tauzihul Al-Masa'il (Maraji), ofishin wallafe-wallafen Musulunci, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 391, fitowa ta 2275.
- ↑ Usoli, risaleh tauzihul Al-Masa'il (Maraji), ofishin wallafe-wallafen Musulunci, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 391, fitowa ta 2275.
- ↑ Najafi, Jawahir al-kalam, 1983, vol. 25, pp. 5-7;Makarem Shirazi, Barasi turuk farari az riba, 2008, shafi na 19-17.
- ↑ Shafi'i Mazandarani, Wam wa Riba dar Negareshi Islami, 1379, shafi na 75.
Nassoshi
- Asouli, Ehsan wa Mohammad Hasan Bani Hashemi Khomeini, Risaleh Tauzihul masa'il (maraji), Qom, Ofishin Ɗabi'a na Musulunci, Beta.
- Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Abdul Hamid, Sharhu Nahj al-Balaghah, Qum, Mazhabar Ayatullah al-Marashi al-Najafi, 1964.
- Javadi Amoli, Abdullah, Tasnim, Qom, Esra Publishing House, 1385.
- Makarem Shirazi, Nasser, Riba wa bankedari islami, Abul Qasem Aliannejadi, Qum, Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib School, 1380 ya shirya kuma ya shirya shi.
- Makarem Shirazi, Nasser, barasi turuk farar az riba, wanda Abul Qasem Aliannejadi ya shirya kuma ya gyara shi, Qum, Makarantar Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib, 1380.
- Muassaseh dayiratul ma'arif Fiqhu islami, Farhange fikihi Ahlul-Baiti, Qum, Cibiyar Ilimin Fikihu ta Musulunci, 1382.
- Najafi, Mohammad Hasan, Javaher al-Kalam fi Sharh Shaaree al-Islam, Tehran, Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiya, 1362-1369.
- Sadouq, Muhammad bin Ali, Thawab al-Amal wa Aqab al-Amal, Kum, Dar al-Sharif al-Radhi, 1406H.
- Safi Golpaygani, Lotfollah, Jame al-Ahkam, Qum, buga gidan ayyukan Hazrat Ayatullahi Ayatullahi Safi Golpaygani, 1385.
- Sharif Razi, Mohammad, Ganjineh Daneshaniman, Juzu'i na 9, Qom, Mawallafi: Mawallafi, 1370.
- Tabarsi, Fazl bin Hasan, Majma al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, gabatarwar Mohammad Javad Balaghi, Tehran, Nasser Khosro Publications, 1372.
- Ahmadi Mianji, Ali, Khatirat Ayatollah Ali Ahmadi Mianji, wanda ya samo asali daga bugun Noor Digital Library.
- Amadi, Abd al-Wahed bin Muhammad, Ghurarul al-Ahkam wa Durarul al-Kalam, Kum, Dar al-Kitab al-Islami, 1410H.
- Falahzadeh, Mohammad Hossein, Ahkam ad-dini: mutabik ba fatawaye maraji Taqlid, Tehran, Mashaar Publishing House, 2006.
- Imam Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhollah, Tahrir al-Wasila, Al-Najaf al-Ashraf, Al-Adab Press, 1390H.
- Kulaini, Muhammad bin Yaqub, Al-kafi, Tehran, Darul-Kitab al-Islamiya, 1407H.
- Shafii Mazandarani, Mohammad, Wam wa Riba darm negareshie Islami, Islamic Attitude, Mashhad, Astan Quds Razavi, 1379.
Alqur'ani mai girma.