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Kafiri

Daga wikishia


Kafiri (Larabci: الكافر) shi ne mutumin da yake kore samuwar Allah, ko kaɗaitarshi ko yin inkarin annabtar Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) ko inkarin ranar alƙiyama ko kuma ya yi inkarin ɗaya daga cikin laruran addini, wannan shi ne kafiri a taƙaice, ga wasu daga cikin rabe-raben kafiri, Kafiri Kitabi, Kafiri Zummi, Kafiri Harbi, Murtaddi da Kafiri Taba'i. Kuma dukkan wannan rabe-rabe na kafiri yana da hukunce-hukunce na masamman a fiƙihu, kamar yadda akwai gama-garin hukunce-hukunce gare su baki ɗaya, misali mafi yawancin malamai suna yi hukunci cewa kafiri najasa ne, mace musulma bai halasta ba ta yi aure da kafiri, kazalika bai halastaba ga musulmi namiji ya auri mace kafura ba.

Bisa dogaro da ƙa'idatu Nafayis Sabil, malaman fiƙihu sun yi imani cewa Allah ba zai sanya wani hukunci ba wanda zai sa kafiri ya hau kan musulmi, daga wannan ƙa'idar malamai sun fitar da wasu hukunce-hukunce waɗanda suka shafi kafiri, daga cikinsu akwai: auran budurwa musulma idan babanta kafiri ne ya halasta ba tare da izinin mahaifinta ba, saboda sanya sharaɗin neman izininshi zai zamo kamar wani nau'i ne na ɗora kafiri kan musulmi, kazalika bai halasta ba alƙali kafiri ya yi hukunci a tsakanin musulmi ba, saboda yin hukunci wani nau'i ne na ɗora alƙalanci kan waɗanda ya yi hukunci kan su.

Abin da Ake Nufi Da Kafiri

Kafiri shi ne mutumin da yake kore samuwar Allah, ko kaɗaitarshi ko ya yi inkarin annabtar Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) ko inkarin ranar alƙiyama ko kuma ya yi inkarin ɗaya daga cikin laruran addini, wannan shi me kafiri a dunƙule.[1] Ita kalmar kafiri an samo ta ne daga "Kufru" kuma tana nufin sitirtawa ko ɓoyewa,[2] saboda haka ne ake kiran duk wani mutum da ya yi inkarin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwa da sunan kafiri,[3] kai a taƙaice ana kiran mutum kafiri ne idan ya ɓoye ayoyin da suke nuna samuwar Allah da kaɗaitakarshi,[4] Kalmar kafiri ta fuskacin ma'ana tana da alaƙa da kalmar Mulhidi,[5] da Zindiƙi[6] da Dahri[7] da Mushiriki.[8]

Abin lura shi ne ita kalmar kufir da ma'anarta iri-iri kamar kafiri ta zo a cikin Alkur'ani mai girma fiye da sau dari biyar.[9] An yi wa kafiri wa'adin azaba.[10] Hukunce-hukuncen kafirai da wajibin da ya hau kan musulmi dangane da yadda za su yi mu'amala da su, sun zo cikin babuka daban-daban na fiƙihu, walau a cikin mu'amala ko hukunce-hukuncen ibada.[11]

Rabe-raben Kafiri

Ilimin fikihu ya ambaci nau'o'in kafirai da dama, kuma an yi bayanin hukunce-hukuncen ko wane daga cikin waɗannan nau'o'in, ga su kamar haka:

Kafiri Ahlul-Kitabi

Kafirin Ahlul-Kitabi shi ne mabiyan addinan da suke da littafin da Allah ya saukar, kamar Yahudawa da Kiristoci.[12] A bisa ra'ayin malaman fikihu, duk wata ƙungiya da take kama da kasancewa cikin Ahlul Kitabi ko akasi, to ana sanya ta cikin Ahlul-Kitabi, kuma ana ɗabbaƙa musu hukunce-hukunce Ahlul-Kitabi, saboda haka ne aka shigar da Majusawa ko Zartush cikin Ahlul-Kitabi.[13]

Kafiri na Asali

An yi amfani da kalmar kafiri na asali saɓanin wanda ya yi ridda,[14] kalmar tana nufin mutumin da iyayenshi suka haife shi suna kafurai, kuma bai taɓa zama musulmi ba.[15] Malaman shi'a[16] sun yi ittifaƙi a kan cewa idan kafiri na asali ya musulunta, ba wajibi ba ne ya rama ibadun da bai aikata ba a lokacin kafircinshi, kamar sallah da azumi.[17]

Kafiri na Asali ya rabu zuwa gida biyu:[18]

  1. Kafiri zimmi: Su ne kafuran Ahlul-Kitabi waɗanda suke zaune a ƙasashen Musulunci, kuma suka kulla yarjejeniya ta zaman lafiya da shugaban Musulunci.[19] yarjejeniya ce da ta bai wa Ahlul-Kitabi haƙƙin su rayu a da addininsu amma su dinga biyan jiziya, suna ƙarƙashin tsarin Musulunci.[20]
  2. Kafiri Harbi: Shi ne kafirin da ba shi da wani alƙawari ko yarjejeniya da musulmi, kamar alƙawarin ba shi kariya, ko alƙawarin ya rayu cikin aminci ko sulhu, babu bambanci ya kasance daga Ahlul-Kitabi ko waninsu.[21]

Malaman fiƙihu sun yi ittifaƙi a kan cewa jinin kafiri Harbi, ba haramun ba ne, sai dai idan ya ƙulla alƙawari na kariya (Wanda ya keɓanta da Ahlul-Kitabi) ko kuma alƙawarin aminci ko sulhu (Wanda ya ƙunshi waɗanda ba Ahlul-Kitabi ba) to a irin wannan yanayin ne jininshi da dukiyarshi za su zama abin girmamawa.[22]

Kafiri Taba'i (Wanda yake bin Iyayanshi A Kafirci)

Malaman fiƙihu sun yi imani da cewa yaron da iyayanshi suka kasance kafurai da suka haife shi, suna cikin kafircu, to shi ma zai zama kafiri, saboda kafircin iyayanshi, kuma ana kiranshi da kafiri mai bin iyayanshi.[23] Ana gudanar da hukuncin kafiri a gare shi, saboda ta'allaƙarsa da iyayanshi.[24]

Murtad

Mai ridda shi ne wanda ya bar addinin Musulunci.[25] Masu ridda sun kasu gida biyu:[26]

  1. Murtaddi Fiɗiri: Shi ne wanda aka haife shi a matsayin musulmi[27] (mahaifinshi ɗaya ko duka biyun musulmi ne)[28] sannan ya yi ridda daga musulunci.[29]
  2. Murtaddu mili: Shi ne wanda ba musulmi ba, sannan ya musulunta, sannan ya yi ridda ya bar musulin.[30]

Gama-garin Hukunce-hukuncen Tsakanin Kafirai

Wasu daga cikin Hukunce-hukuncen da suka gunshi dukkan kafurai ga su kamar haka;

  • Mai littafin Jawari ya ce dukkan malaman Imamiyya sunyi ittifaƙi kan najasa da rashin tsarkin kafurai gaba ɗaya, babu bambanci a wannan hukunci tsakanin kafiri na Asali, ko Murtaddi ko Ahlulkitab ko kafiri Harbi.[31] Amma tare da haka, Muhammad Ibrahim Jannati yana da ra'ayin da ya sha bamban da ra'ayin mashhur, shi ya yi fatawa kan tsarkin Kafiri Ahlul-Kitab.[32]
  • Bai halasta ba ga mace musulma ta yi aure da kafiri, kazalika bai halasta ba ga namiji musulmi ya auri mace kafura,[33] amma wannan hukunci ya taƙaita da aure na dindindi ne, amma idan aure na mutu'a ne wasu malaman fiƙihu suna ganin ya halatta namiji musulmi ya auri mace wadda ba musulma ba, amma da sharaɗin ta zamo Ahlul-Kitabi.[34]
  • Ya haramta cin naman dabbar da kafiri ya yanka, kuma babu bambanci kan wannan hukunci a tsakanin dukkan kafurai,[35] Shaik Baha'i yana cewa malamai `yan kaɗanne suka halasta cin yankan kafirin Ahlul-kitab.[36]

Allah Ya Kore Duk Wani Yanayi Da Zai ɗora Kafiri Kan Musulmi

Tushen Maƙala: Ƙa'idar Nafyis Sabil

Bisa wannan Ƙa'idar Nafyis Sabil|ƙa'ida ta Nafyis Sabi, malaman Fiƙihu suna gani Allah bai sanya ko shar'anta wani hukunci da zai ɗora kafiri kan musulmi,[37] saboda haka:

  • kafiri mahaifi ba shi da wilaya kan ɗanshi ƙarami idan ya kasance musulmi.[38]
  • Ya halasta budurwa ta yi aure ba tare da izinin mahaifinta ba idan ya zamo baban ita budurwar kafiri ne,[39] saboda neman izininta zai zamo kamar fifita shi ne a kanta wanda shari'a ta hana hakan.[40]
  • Bai halasta ba ga alƙali kafiri ya yi hukunci a tsakanin musulmi, saboda yin alƙalanci wani yanayi ne na ɗora kafiri kan musulmi masu jayayya ko waɗanda matsala ta shiga tsakaninsu.[41]
  • Da ittifaƙin malaman fiƙihun imamiyya wakilcin kafiri domin ƙalubalantar musulmi bai halatta ba, shin wanda ya yi wakilcin musulmi ne ko kafiri babu bambanci, saboda wakilci wani nau'i ne na ɗora kafiri kan musulmi.[42]

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Al-Subhani, al-Iman wal Kufri a fil Kitab was Sunnah, 1416 Hijira, shafi na 49
  2. ↑ Al-Jawhari, As-Sihah, 1404H, ƙarshen kalmar 'Kufr
  3. ↑ Al-Mufradat fi Gharib Al-Qur'an na Raghib Al-Isfahani, A cikin bugu na 1412 Hijir, kan kalmar "Kufr"
  4. ↑ Lisan al-Arab na Ibn Manzu, A cikin bugu na 1414 Hijira, bayani kan kalmar "Kufr"
  5. ↑ Al-Mizan fi Tafsir Al-Qur'an na Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Al-Tabataba'i, musamman juzu'i na 17, shafi na 397,
  6. ↑ Al-Khidamat Al-Mutaqabila Bayna Iran wa Al-Islam na Murtada Mutahhari, musamman shafi na 399
  7. ↑ Al-Mizan fi Tafsir Al-Qur'an na Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Al-Tabataba'i, musamman juzu'i na 18, shafi na 174
  8. ↑ Al-Mizan fi Tafsir Al-Qur'an na Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Al-Tabataba'i, musamman juzu'i na 17, shafi na 397
  9. ↑ Al-Mu'jam Al-Ihsa'i na Mahmoud Al-Ruhani, musamman juzu'i na 1, shafi na 530
  10. ↑ Suratul Fatir, Aya ta 36, Suratun Nisa, Aya ta 151. Al-Mizan fi Tafsir Al-Qur'an na Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Al-Tabataba'i, Juzu'i na 20
  11. ↑ Jawahir Al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharai' Al-Islam na Sheikh Muhammad Hasan Al-Najafi, juzu'i na 6, 21, 29, da 39
  12. ↑ Jawahir Al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharai' Al-Islam na Sheikh Muhammad Hasan Al-Najafi, musamman juzu'i na 21, shafi na 228,
  13. ↑ Jawahir Al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharai' Al-Islam na Sheikh Muhammad Hasan Al-Najafi, musamman juzu'i na 21, shafi na 228,
  14. ↑ Jawahir Al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharai' Al-Islam na Sheikh Muhammad Hasan Al-Najafi, musamman juzu'i na 39, shafi na 26, Al-Mausu'a Al-Fiqhiyya Al-Kuwaitiyya, musamman juzu'i na 2, shafi na 227, a cikin Dar Al-Salasil
  15. ↑ Ahkam Al-Kuffar wa Al-Murtaddin fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islami" na Sunduq Dar, musamman shafi na 3
  16. ↑ Al-Khilaf na Sheikh Al-Tusi, musamman juzu'i na 1, shafi na 443, Ghaniyat Al-Nuzu' na Ibn Zuhra, musamman shafi na 100, a cikin Makarantar Fiqh
  17. ↑ Fiqh Al-Sadiq na Sayyid Muhammad Sadiq Al-Ruhani, musamman juzu'i na 8, shafi na 422,
  18. ↑ Hada'iq Al-Nadhira fi Ahkam Al-Itra Al-Tahira na Sheikh Yusuf Al-Bahrani, musamman juzu'i na 22, shafi na 192, Ahkam Al-Kuffar wa Al-Murtaddin fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islami na Sunduq Dar, musamman shafi na 3, a cikin Makarantar Fiqh.
  19. ↑ Al-Mishkini, Mustalahat Fiqh, 1392 Hijira, shafi na 470.
  20. ↑ Sheikh Ali Al-Mishkini, Mustalahat Fiqhi, musamman shafuka na 280-28
  21. ↑ Thaqafat Al-Fiqh Al-Farsi" na kungiyar marubuta, musamman juzu'i na 1, shafi na 763
  22. ↑ Jawahir Al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharai' Al-Islam na Sheikh Muhammad Hasan Al-Najafi, musamman juzu'i na 21, shafi na 103, da juzu'i na 38, shafi na 8
  23. ↑ Al-Khu'i, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Imam Al-Khu'i, Hukumar Raya Ayyukan Imam Al-Khu'i, Juzu'i na 8, shafi na 312
  24. ↑ Al-Khu'i, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Imam Al-Khu'i, Hukumar Raya Ayyukan Imam Al-Khu'i, Juzu'i na 8, shafi na 312
  25. ↑ Fiqh Al-Hudud wa Al-Ta'zirat na Sayyid Abdul Karim Al-Mousawi Al-Ardabili, musamman juzu'i na 4, shafuka na 44-46
  26. ↑ Sharai' Al-Islam fi Masa'il Al-Halal wa Al-Haram na Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Hilli, musamman juzu'i na 4, shafuka na 170-171
  27. ↑ Sharai' Al-Islam fi Masa'il Al-Halal wa Al-Haram na Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Hilli, musamman
  28. ↑ Jawahir Al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharai' Al-Islam na Sheikh Muhammad Hasan Al-Najafi, musamman
  29. ↑ Sharai' Al-Islam fi Masa'il Al-Halal wa Al-Haram na Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Hilli, musamman juzu'i na 4, shafi na 170
  30. ↑ Sharai' Al-Islam fi Masa'il Al-Halal wa Al-Haram na Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Hilli, musamman juzu'i na 4, shafi na 170
  31. ↑ Jawahir Al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharai' Al-Islam na Sheikh Muhammad Hasan Al-Najafi, musamman juzu'i na 6, shafuka na 41-42
  32. ↑ Janati, Taharatul Ahlul Kitabi Fi Fatwa Sayyid Al-Hakim, 1390H, shafi na 20
  33. ↑ Al-Muhakkik Al-Karki, Jam'ul Maqasid, 1414H, Juzu'i na 12, Shafi na 391
  34. ↑ Al-Wahid Al-Khurasani, Tauzihul Masa'il, 1421H, Shafi na 660; Al-Sistani, Bayanin Mas'aloli, 1415H, Shafi na 501
  35. ↑ Ash-Shahid Ath-Thani, Ar-Rawdah Al-Bahiyyah fi Sharh Al-Lum'ah Ad-Dimashqiyyah, 1410H, Juzu'i na 7, Shafi na 208
  36. ↑ Ash-Shaikh Al-Baha'i, Huramtu Zaba'ihi Ahlul Kitabi, 1410H, Shafi na 60
  37. ↑ Al-Musawi Al-Bajnurdi, Ka'idojin Fiqhu, 1377 Shekarar Hijira Shamsiyya, Juzu'i na 1, Shafuka 187-188
  38. ↑ An-Najafi, Jawahir Al-Kalam, 1362 Shekarar Hijira Shamsiyya, Juzu'i na 29, Shafi na 206; At-Tabataba'i Al-Yazdi, Al-Urwah Al-Wuthqa, 1417H, Juzu'i na 5, Shafi na 624.
  39. ↑ Ash-Shahid Ath-Thani, Masalik Al-Afham, 1413H, Juzu'i na 7, Shafuka 166-167
  40. ↑ Ash-Shahid Ath-Thani, Masalik Al-Afham, 1413H, Juzu'i na 7, Shafuka 166-167
  41. ↑ At-Tabataba'i Al-Yazdi, Al-Urwah Al-Wuthqa, 1417H, Juzu'i na 6, Shafi na 417; As-Subhani, Tsarin Shari'a da Shaida a cikin Shari'ar Musulunci, 1376 Shekarar Hijira Shamsiyya, Juzu'i na 1, Shafi na 34
  42. ↑ Ash-Shahid Ath-Thani, Masalik Al-Afham, 1413H, Juzu'i na 5, Shafi na 270.

Nassoshi

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