Hukunce-hukuncen Shari'a

Daga wikishia
Risala Ilmiyya

Hukunce-hukuncen Shari'a, (Larabci: الأحكام الشرعية) wasu dokoki ne na addini da suke da alaƙa da wazifofi da suka hau kan mutum, hukunce-hukuncen Shari'a sun kasu zuwa gida biyu, Ahkamul Taklifi da Ahkamul Wada'i: Ahkamul Taklifi su ne waɗanda kai tsaye suke bayanin wazifofi da suka hau kan mutum, misalin hukunci kanka shi ne ka yi sallah, ko kada ka sha barasa (Giya), Ahkamul Wada'i suna da laka da ayyukan mutum amma ba kai tsaye ba, misalin kasancewa yin sallah da tufafi mai najasa sallah ta ɓaci. Ana ciro hukunce-hukuncen shari'a daga daga dalilanta, wanda su ne: Kur'ani, Sunna, Ijma'i, Hankali, wanda yake da tanadi da cika sharaɗin tsamo hukunci da fito da shi daga dalilansa ana kiransa da sunan Mujtahidi, a yanzu a wannan zamani ana samun hukunce-hukuncen shari'a cikin Risalolin Fiƙihu wanda cikinsu Maraji'ai suke bayyana ra'ayinsu. Kan asasin fatawar maraji'an taƙlidi wajibi ne neman sanin hukunce mas'alolin da suke yawan faruwa da mutum.

Ta'arifi Na Fiƙihu Kan Hukunce-hukunce Da Rabe-rabensu

Ana kiran dokoki da suke da dangantaka da wazifofin mutum da sunan Hukunce-hukuncen shari'a[1] tare da bayanin hukunce-hukuncen abubuwa misalin wajabcin yin sallah, wajabcin Azumi, Haramcin Shan Barasa da kuma sharuɗɗan da suke inganta Mas'aloli mis'alolin Aure da saye da sayarwa[2]

Rabe-raben Hukunce-Hukuncen Shari'a

Malaman fiƙihu sun kawo rabe-raben mabambanta dangane da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a daga jumlarsu akwai: Hukunci Taklifi da Hukunci Wada'i Hukunci Awwali Hukunci Sanawi Hukunci Waki'i da Hukunci Zahiri Hukunci Maulawi da Hukunci Irshadi Hukunci Ta'asisi da Hukunci Imza'i.[3]

Hukunci Taklifi da Wada'i

Asalin Maƙala: Hukunci Taklifi da Hukunci Wada'i

Hukunci Taklifi hukunci ne da kai tsaye yake bayanin wazifa da ta hau kan mutum dangane da maudu'i; misali zai gayawa mutum wajibi ne ka yi sallah, kuma wajibi kada ka sha barasa,[4] Hukunci Taklifi yana rabe-rabe guda biyar: wajibi, mustahabbi, haram, Makruhi da Halal,[5] ana kiransu da sunan Ahkamul Kamsa (Hukunce-hukuncen shari'a guda biyar)[6] Hukunci Wada'i hukunci da kai tsaye baya bada umarni, alal misali, hukunci da yake bayanin sharuɗɗan ingancin wani aiki[7] kamar misalin wanann hukunci shi ne yin sallah da Tufafi mai Najasa yana ɓata sallah,[8] hukunci wada'ai yana ta'allaƙuwa da wazifar mutum sai dai cewa ba da sura kai tsaye ba, domin misali, hukunce-hukuncen aure hukunce-hukunce ne na Wada'i kaɗai yana bayanin sharuɗɗan ingancin aure, amma bayan aure kowannensu daga mata da miji za su keɓanta da wazifofin da suka hau kansu, waɗannan wazifofi hukunce-hukunce na taklifi.[9]

Hukunci Awwali Da Sanawi

Hukunci Awwali su ne hukunce-hukunce da suke kan mutum cikin gama garin hali da yanayi, misalin wajabcin sallah Asubahi da haramcin shan barasa, Hukunci Sanawi hukunci ne da ake amfani da shi a lokacin halin larura ko tilashi, misalin halascin shan Azumi ga waɗanda basu da lafiya kuma yin Azumi yana barazana ga lafiyarsu, ko kuma waɗanda aka tilastawa shan Azumi.[10]

Hukunci Ta'asisi Da Hukunci Imza'i

Asalin Maƙala: Hukunce-Hukuncen Ta'asisi da Hukunce-hukuncen Imza'i

Hukunce Ta'asisi Hukunce-hukunce ne da karon farko a ka samar da su cikin muslunci.[11] Hukunci Imza'i, hukunce-hukunce ne dama can tun kafin Muslunci akwai samuwarsu kaɗai muslunci ya goyi baya da ciga da aiki da su.[12]

Dalilin Hukunce-hukuncen Shari'a

Asalin Maƙala: Dalilai Guda Huɗu.

Ana ciro hukunce-hukunce shari'a ta hanyar taimakon Ilmai misalin Ilmin Diraya, Ilmin Rijal, Ilmin Usulul Fiƙihi da Fiƙihu.[13] Malaman fiƙihu domin Istibaɗin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a suna komawa zuwa Tushe guda huɗu: Kur'ani Sunna, Hankali da Ijma'i waɗanda ake kiransu da Adillatul Arba'ati (Dalilan hukunce-hukuncen shari'a guda huɗu)[14] abin da ake nufi da sunna shi ne riwayoyi da suke ƙunsar maganganu da zantukan Ma'asumai,[15] cikin Fiƙihun Ahlus-sunna da sunnar Annabi kaɗai ake jingina; amma a fiƙihun Shi'a ƙari kan sunnar Annabi ana jingina da sunnar Ma'asumai,[16] a cikin fiƙihun `Yan Shi'a Imamiyya, Kur'ani da da riwayoyi Imamai goma sha biyu suna cikin tushe na asali ga hukunce-hukuncen addini.[17] Istinbaɗi da ciro hukunce-hukuncen shari'a yana kan wuyan Mujtahidi, Mujtahidi shi ne wanda ya kai martabar iya yin ijtihadi, ma'ana yana da tanadi na iya fito da Hukunce-hukunce daga Dalilansu.[18]

Wajabcin Sanin Hukunce-hukuncen Shari'a

Bisa fatawar Malaman Fiƙihu, wajibi ne kan Mukallafi koyan sashe daga hukunce-hukunce Mas'aloli da suke yawan faru da shi,[19] haka kuma dole kan mutum ko dia ya kasance Mujtahidi wanda da kansa zai zaƙulo hukunce-hukunce daga dalilansu ko kuma dai ya yi taƙlidi da Maraji'an taƙlidi ko kuma ya samu kaiw aga yaƙini ta hanyar Ihtiyaɗi domin sauke wazifar da ta hau kansa a shari'ance; misalin aikin da wasu Maraji'ai suke ganinsa Haram, wasu kuma suke ganinsa halal, to kada ya aikata shi, ko kuma aikin da wasu Mujtahidai suke ganinsa wajibi wasu kuma suke ganinsa Halal sai ya aikata shi.[20]

Keɓantattun Litattafan Hukunce-hukunce

A wannan zamani galibi Malamai Maraji'an taƙlidi suna bayanin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a ne cikin litattafan Risalolinsu na Fiƙihu.[21] maraja'in taƙlidi shi ne wanda sauran mutane suke taƙlidi da shi, ma'ana suna karvar hukunce-hukunce addini daga ra'ayoyinsa na fiƙihu (fatawowinsa) kuma suna bashi haƙƙoƙin shari'a ko aikawa wakilansa.[22]


Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Hakim, Al-Asul Al-Amee Al-Fiqh Al-Maqarin, 1418 AH, shafi na 51-52.
  2. ↑ Sadr, Al-Mu'alim Al-Jadideh Lil Usul, 1379, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 124.
  3. ↑ Valai, Farhang Tashrihi Istilahat Usul, 1387, shafi na 175 da 176.
  4. ↑ Sadr, Al-Mu'alim Al-Jadideh Lil Usul, 1379, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 123-124
  5. ↑ Sadr, durus fi Ilimul Al-Usul, 1418 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 63-64; Sadr, Al-Mu'alimul Al-Jadideh na Asul, 1379, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 124-125.
  6. ↑ Sajjadi, Farhang Ulum, 1344, shafi na 29.
  7. ↑ Sadr, Al-Mu'alim Al-Jadideh Lil Usul, 1379, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 124
  8. ↑ Hosseini Shirazi, Al-wusul ila Kifayatil Al-usul, 1426 AH, Mujalladi na 5, shafi na 83.
  9. ↑ Sadr, Al-Mu'alim Al-Jadideh Lil Usul, 1379, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 124-125
  10. ↑ Mashkini, Istilahat Al-Usul, 1374, shafi na 124.
  11. ↑ Mohaghegh Damad Yazdi, Qawa'id Fikihi, 1406 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 6.
  12. ↑ Mohaghegh Damad Yazdi, Qawa'id Fikihi, 1406 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 6.
  13. ↑ Makarem Shirazi, Dayiratul Almaref Fikh Mukarin, 1427 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 176, 323-330.
  14. ↑ Muzaffar, Usulul Al-Fiqh, 1430H, juzu’i na 1, shafi na 51.
  15. ↑ Muzaffar, Usulul Al-Fiqh, 1430H, juzu’i na 3, shafi na 64.
  16. ↑ Muzaffar, Usulul Al-Fiqh, 1430H, juzu’i na 3, shafi na 64
  17. ↑ Makarem Shirazi, dayiratul Almaref Fiqh Makarin, 1427 AH, Mujalladi na 1, shafi na 176, 182.
  18. ↑ Valai, Farhang Tashrihi Istilahat Usul, 2007, shafi na 38.
  19. ↑ Bani Hashemi Khomeini, Tauzihul Al-Masa'il Maraji'ah, 1424 AH, Mujalladi na 1, shafi na 24.
  20. ↑ Bani Hashemi Khomeini, Tauzihul Al-Masa'il Maraji'ah, 1424 Hijira, Juzu'i na 1, shafi na 11-12
  21. ↑ Yazdani, "Mururi bar Risalehaye Ilmiyye", shafi 292, 292.
  22. ↑ Yazdi, Al-Urwa Al-Wugtha, 1428 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 4; Rahmansataish, “Taklid”, shafi na 789.

Nassoshi

  • Bani Hashemi Khomeini, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein, Tauzihul Almasa'il Maraji Mutabik ba fatawa Sizda Nafar az Maraji Mu'azzam Taklid, Qum, Daftare Intisharat Islami wabaste be Jami'eh Mudarrasin Hauze ilmiyya Qum, shekara ta 1424 bayan hijira.
  • Hosseini Shirazi, Muhammad, Al-Wusul Ila Al-Kefaya Al-Usul, Qom, Darul Al-Hikma, bugu na uku, 1426H.
  • Hakim, Mohammad Taqi, Al-Usul Al-Ammaa fi Fiqh al-Maqarin, Qum, Majalisar Ahlul Baiti ta Duniya, bugu na biyu, 1418H.
  • Rahmansataish, Mohammad Kazem, "Imitation 1", in Islamic World Encyclopaedia, Tehran, Islamic Encyclopaedia Foundation, bugun farko, 1382.
  • Sajjadi, Seyyed Jafar, Farhang fikh, shamil Istilhat Adabi, fikihu, usuli, ma'ani bayan wa dasturi, Tehran, muassaseh matbua'ti, 1344.
  • Sadr, Mohammad Baqer, Al-Mu'alim Al-Jadideh Lil Usul, Qom, Martyr Sadr Congress, bugu na biyu, 1379.
  • Sadr, Muhammad Baqir, Darus fi ilmil Al-usul, Qum, Islamic Publications, bugu na biyar, 1418H.
  • Mohaghig Damad, Sayyed Mustafa, Qawa'id Fikih, Tehran, Cibiyar Buga Ilimin Musulunci, bugun 12, 1406H.
  • Meshkini, Ali, Istilhat Usul wa Moazam Abhasiha, Qum, Al-Hadi, bugu na 6, 1374.
  • Mozafar, Mohammad Reza, Usul Al-Fiqah, Qum, Islamic Publications, bugu na biyar, 1430H.
  • Makarem Shirazi, Nasser, Dairatul Maarif Fiqh Makarin, Qum, Intisharat Madraseh Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib, bugun farko, 1427H.
  • Valai, Issa, FarhangTashrihi Istilahat Usul Terms, Tehran, Nei Publishing House, bugu na 6, 2007.
  • Yazdani, Abbas, “Mururi bar Risalehaye Ilmiyya (2)”, dar kabeshe nur fikh, lamba 15 da 16, 1377.
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