Sura

Daga wikishia

Sura (Larabci:السورة ) wani isɗilahi ne na kur’ani da yake bada ma’anar curin wasu ayyanannun adadin ayoyin kur’ani daga farko zuwa ƙarshensu, waɗanda galibi suna farawa da bismillah, ba’arin malaman tafsiri sun tafi kan cewa bakiɗayan ayoyin cikin sura suna da dangantaka da junansu suna magana ne kan wani muhimmin batu, ba’arin surorin kura’ni sakamakon kamanceceniyarsu da juna an karkasa su zuwa kashe-kashe daban-daban, wasu an kasa su ne kan asasin lokacin sauka (Makki ko madani) wasu kuma kan asasin adadin ayoyinsu (Sab’a ɗiwal, mi’un, Masani da mufassal) duka suna cikin jumlar wannan karkasawa.

Ka asasin ra’ayin mashhur masana kur’ani, haƙiƙa kur’ani yana da surori guda 114, sai dai cewa ba’arin marubuta ba tare da rage ayoyin kur’anin ba sun bayyana cewa adadin surorinsa sun kasance ne 112 zuwa 113, saboda ba’arinsu sun yi amanna kan cewa suratul tauba cigaban suratul Anfal ce ba wai sura ce mai cin gashin kanta ba, wasu kuma basa ganin surorin Filu da ƙuraishi da kuma suratul Dhuda da Inshirahi matsayin surorin masu cin gashin kansu, kowacce ɗaya daga surorin kur’ani ta keɓantu da suna, galibi ana ciro sunayen surori daga ayoyin farkon surorin ko kuma daga abin da suka tattara akai, ba’arin masu bincike kan kur’ani sun yi amanna da cewa Annabi (S.A.W) da kansa ne ya zaɓawa surori sunayensu ba za a iya kiran surori da wani suna daban ba, sai dai cewa kuma wasu masu bincike suna ganin wannan magana bata da inganci, sun tafi kan cewa surori sun samu sunayensu bayan shuɗewa zamani da yawan karanta su da mutane suke yi.

Sura ta farko da ta ƙarshe da ta sauka wurin Annabi (S.A.W) na daga cikin mas’alolin da aka gangara kansu cikin ulumul kur’an, bisa ra’ayin wasu ba’arin masana suratul fatihatul kitab ita ce sura ta farko sannan suratul nasri ita ce ta ƙarshe, cikin surorin da suka sauka a kammale, cikin madogaran hadisi na shi’a da ahlus-sunna, akwai tarin hadisai da aka naƙalto dangane da falolin surori. Amma tare da haka masu bincike sun yi munaƙasha kan sanadi da matani na mafi yawan waɗannan riwayoyi.

Ma’anar Sura da Muhimmancin da Take da shi Cikin Bahasin Kalam (Tauhidi)

Farkon wata sura da karshen ayoyinta a cikin Alkur'ani

Sura wani isɗilahi ne na kur’ani da yake bada ma’anar wasu dunkulallun adadin ayoyin kur’ani da suke da ayyanannen farko da ƙarshe, kuma galibi suna farawa da bismillah in banda suratul tauba ita kaɗaice ba ta fara da bismillah ba.[1] cikin ba’arin rubuce-rubuce haƙiƙa an siffanta surorin kur’ani da fasalan littafi,[2] amma wasu ba’arin masu bincike suna ganin rashin ingancin hakan, saboda su srorin kur’ani ba su da siffofin fasalan litattafai,[3] daga mabambantan rabe-raben da kur’ani ya samu akwai juzu’i da hizbi, wanda shi ne kaɗai ya kasance rabe-rabe da karkasawa da yake na haƙiƙa da ya samu tushe daga kur’ani.[4] Wasu ba’arin gajerun surori a wani wurin kuma dogwayen misalin (Suratul An’am) surori sun sauka ne kammale lokaci guda wurin Annabi (S.A.W).[5] wasu ba’arin surorin sun sauka sannu sannu a hankali, sannan jeranta ayoyinsu ya kasance da umarnin Annabi (S.A.W)[6] an ce rarraba kur’ani da karkasa shi zuwa surori ya kasance tare da fa’idoji daga jumlarsu za a iya ishara da waɗannan wurare kamar haka: saukaka koyar karatunsa da haddace shi, samar da nau’untaka da nishaɗi ga mai karatu, bambanta sura da wata sura tare da harhaɗe ayoyi da suke dacewa da juna da suke da mabambantan maudu’i.[7] Game da ta ƙaƙa ne aka samu alaƙa tsakankanin ayoyin sura guda akwai mabambantan ra’ayoyin malamai.[8] malaman tafsiri misalin Sayyid Muhammad Husaini ɗabaɗaba’i, Sayyid ƙuɗub, Muhammad Izzat Darwaze, sun yi amanna da cewa kowacce sura guda tana da irin nata nau’in haɗuwa da ta bambanta da wata surar daban,[9] a cewar Ayatullah ɗabaɗaba’i marubucin tafsirin Almizan, su surori suna da manufofin daban-daban, kowacce sura tana da keɓantaccen hadafi da ma’ana kowacce sura tare da bakiɗayan ayoyinta ta kasance tana bayanin wannan ma’ana da hadafi,[10] an ce a ƙarni na 20 miladi wannan mahanga ta fara yaɗuwa da fantsama ta kai ƙololuwarta,[11] kishiyar haka wasu ba’arin malaman tafsiri misalin Nasir Makarim shirazi marubucin tafsiril amsal, bai yi imani kan larurar kammaluwa da haɗuwa bakiɗayan ayoyin sura guda ba, yana ganin sura ɗaya zata iya ƙunsar bayanin mabambantan maudu’ai.[12]

An ce a farko-farkon aiko Annabi (S.A.W) isɗilahin sura ya kasance daga gaɓa daga ayoyi da suke da ma’ana mai dacewa da junansu, kan asasin wannan ma’ana ce suratul baƙara ta kasance tana da kusan surori talatin,[13] amma a shekaru na ƙarshen rayuwar Annabi (S.A.W) sai surori suka samu isɗilahin da suke da shi a yanzu.[14] Majidu Ma’arif mai bincikekan muslunci, ya yi amanna kan cewa wannan lamari da ya gabata shi ne sababin samun saɓanin ra’ayi tsakanin shi’a da Ahlus-sunna; saboda a fiƙikun shi’a ana wajibi karanta kammalalliyar sura bayan karatun fatiha amma banda surorin da suke tare da ayoyin sujjada, a fiƙihun Ahlus-sunna karanta wani yanki daga sura bayan fatiha yana wadatarwa.[15]

Rabe-raben Surori

Rabe-rabe
Jerantuwa a Kur’ani Jerantuwa ta Alfabai Sunan Sura Adadin Ayoyi Jerantuwa ta Sauka[16] Wuri da ta sauka Makki/Madani
1 63 Fatiha 7 5 Makki
2 16 Baƙara 286 87 Madani
3 1 Alu Imran 200 89 Madani
4 104 Nisa’i 176 92 Madani
5 84 Ma’ida 120 113 Madani
6 12 An’am 165 55 Makki
7 7 A’araf 206 39 Makki
8 13 Anfal 75 88 Makki
9 23 Bara'a 129 114 Madani
10 114 Yunus 109 51 Makki
11 110 Hud 123 52 Makki
12 113 Yusuf 111 53 Makki
13 37 Ra'ad 43 96 Madani
14 2 Ibrahim 52 72 Makki
15 30 Hijir 99 54 Makki
16 103 Nahli 128 70 Makki
17 6 Isra'i 111 50 Makki
18 80 Kahaf 110 69 Makki
19 90 Maryam 98 44 Makki
20 54 ɗaha 135 45 Makki
21 9 Anbiya 112 73 Makki
22 29 Hajji 78 104 Madani
23 98 Muminun 118 74 Makki
24 108 Nur 64 103 Madani
25 67 Furƙan 77 42 Makki
26 45 Shu'ara 227 47 Makki
27 106 Namli 93 48 Makki
28 75 ƙasas 88 49 Makki
29 60 Ankabut 69 85 Makki
30 38 Rum 60 84 Makki
31 82 Luƙman 34 57 Makki
32 43 Sad 30 75 Makki
33 3 Ahzab 73 90 Madani
34 42 Sab'i 54 58 Makki
35 64 Faɗir 45 43 Makki
36 112 Yasin 83 41 Makki
37 49 Safat 182 56 Makki
38 48 Sad 88 38 Makki
39 41 Zumar 75 59 Makki
40 62 Gafir 85 60 Makki
41 68 Fussilat 54 61 Makki
42 47 Shura 53 62 Makki
43 39 Zukhruf 89 63 Makki
44 34 Dukhan 59 64 Makki
45 25 Jasiya 37 65 Makki
46 4 Ahƙaf 35 66 Makki
47 87 Muhammad 38 95 Madani
48 65 Fatahu 29 112 Madani
49 31 Hujurat 18 107 Madani
50 71 Eɗample ƙaf 45 Makki
51 35 Zariyat 60 67 Makki
52 55 ɗur 49 76 Makki
53 102 Najmu 62 23 Makki
54 77 ƙamar 55 37 Makki
55 36 36 Ar-Rahman 78 Madani
56 111 Waƙi'a 96 46 Makki
57 32 Hadid 29 94 Madani
58 86 Mujadala 22 106 Madani
59 33 Hashar 24 101 Madani
60 96 Mumtahina 13 91 Madani
61 50 Saffi 14 111 Madani
62 26 Jum'a 11 109 Madani
63 97 Munafiƙun 11 105 Madani
64 20 Tagabun 18 110 Madani
65 53 ɗalaƙ 12 99 Madani
66 19 Tahrim 12 108 Madani
67 95 Muluk 30 77 Makki
68 76 ƙalam 52 2 Makki
69 28 Haƙƙa 52 78 Makki
70 94 Ma'arij 44 79 Makki
71 107 Nuhu 28 71 Makki
72 27 Jinni 28 40 Makki
73 91 Muzammil 20 3 Makki
74 88 Mudassir 56 4 Makki
75 78 ƙiyama 40 31 Makki
76 10 Insan 31 98 Madani
77 89 Mursalat 50 33 Makki
78 101 Naba'i 40 31 Makki
79 99 Nazi'at 46 81 Makki
80 57 Abasa 42 24 Makki
81 22 Takwir 29 7 Makki
82 14 Infiɗar 19 82 Makki
83 93 Muɗaffifin 36 86 Makki
84 11 Inshiƙaƙ 25 83 Makki
85 15 Buruji 22 27 Makki
86 52 ɗariƙ 17 36 Makki
87 8 A'ala 19 8 Makki
88 61 Gashiya 26 68 Makki
89 66 Fajar 30 10 Makki
90 17 Balad 20 35 Makki
91 46 Shamsi 15 26 Makki
92 83 Laili 21 9 Makki
93 51 Dhuha 11 11 Makki
94 44 Inshirahi 8 12 Makki
95 24 Tini 8 28 Makki
96 59 Alaƙ 19 1 Makki
97 73 ƙadri 5 25 Makki
98 18 Bayyina 8 100 Madani
99 40 Zalzala 8 93 Madani
100 56 Adiyat 11 14 Makki
101 72 ƙari'atu 11 30 Makki
102 21 Takasur 8 16 Makki
103 58 Asri 3 13 Makki
104 109 Humaza 9 32 Makki
105 70 Filu 5 19 Makki
106 74 ƙuraishi 4 19 Makki
107 85 Ma'un 7 17 Makki
108 81 Kausar 3 15 Makki
109 79 Kafirun 6 18 Makki
110 105 Nasri 3 102 Madani
111 92 Masad 5 6 Makki
112 5 Iklas 4 22 Makki
113 69 Falaƙ 5 20 Makki
114 100 Nasi 6 20 Makki

Rabe-raben Surori

Ba’arin surorin kur’ani sakamakon kamanceceniya da juna daan rarraba su zuwa kashi daban-daban. [17]

Rabe-rabe Kan Asasin Lokaci

Asalin Maƙala: Surori Makki da Madani

Daidai da ra’ayin mashhur daga masanan kur’ani, surori bisa la’akari da lokacin da suka sauka an rarraba su zuwa kashi biyu “Makki” da “Madani”[18] kan wannan asasi surorin da suka sauka wurin Annabi (S.A.W) kafin yin hijiararsa daga Makka zuwa Madina ana kiransu da “Makki” sannan surorin da suka sauka bayan hijira ana kiransu da “Madani” da wannan dalili ne idan wata sura ko aya ta kasance ta sauka ne bayan hijira za ta kasance Madani, ko da kuwa a garin makka ta sauka ko cikin tafiye tafiyen Annabi (S.A.W) suka sauka mayuƙar dai bayan hijira ne kai hatta lokacin fatahu makka ko hajjin bankwana duka ana kiransu madani.[19]

Ba’arin masu bincike kan kur’ani, bmakki da madani ɗin surori basa la’akari da asasin saukarsu a wani lokaci, suna la’akari da wurin da suka sauka ne ko kuma wanda suka sauka a kansa, kan ma’aunin wuri ne duk abin da ya sauka a makka ko geffanta misalin Mina, Arafat, Hudaibiyya suna lissafa shi daga makki, ko da kuwa bayan hijira ya sauka, sannan dukkanin abin da ya sauka a madina da geffanta misalin Uhud, Badar to suna lissafa shi madani,[20] amma kan asasin ma’aunin wanda surorin take magana da su, duk abin da yake magana da mutanen Makka to makki ne kuma duk abin da ya sauka kan mutanen madina madani ne.[21] ma’auni tantance wanda ake magana da shi, duk ayar da zo da kalmar (Ya Ayyuhan Nas) to makki ce, sannan duk ayar da ta zo da kalmar (Ya ayyuhal lazina amanu) to tana magana da mutanen madina.[22]

Rabe-raben Kan Asasin Gajerta Sura da Tsayinta

Surori da suke da gajerta ko tsayi cikin adadin ayoyinsu ana kiransu da Sab’u ɗiwal, Mi’un, Masani da Mufassal.[23]

  • Sab’a ɗiwal; surori ne da ake kiransu da wannan suna sakamakon yawaitar adadin ayoyinsu, sune surori guda bakwai, suratul baƙara, alu imran, nisa’i, Ma’ida, an’am a’araf da anfal ko kuma maimakon suratul anfal ana ƙirga suratul yunus.[24]
  • Mi’un; surori ne da adadin ayoyinsu yake ƙasa da sab’a ɗiwal, waɗanda suke da ayoyi fiye da ɗari, sune: suratul yunus ko kuma anfal, tauba, Nahli, hud, yusuf, kahaf, isra’i, anbiya, ɗaha, muminun, shu’ara da Safat.[25]
  • Masani: kusan surori guda ashirin waɗanda ayoyinsu suke ƙasa ɗari[26] surori misalin ƙasas, namlu, ankabut, yasin da sad.[27]
  • Mufassilat: surori ne da suka a ƙarshen kur’ani[28] sakamakon kasancewar waɗannan surori gajejjeru da kuma kasancewar farkonsu bismillah ta rarrabe su da juna ne ake kirasu musafassal.[29]

Wani Rabe-raben na Daban

Aza’im, musabbihat, hawamim, mumtahinat, hamidat, ƙalaƙila, ɗawasin, ma’uzataini da zaharawan, suna daga cikin sauran rabe-raben surori da aka ambace kan tushen kur’ani.[30]

  • Aza’im ko Aza’imus sujudi. Sune suratul sajda, fussilat, najmu, alaƙ da suka da tattare da ayoyi da ake yin sujjada sakamakon karanta su ko jin karatunsu.[31]
  • Hawamim, suna ne na sura ta 40 (Suratul gafir) zuwa 46 (Ahƙaf) waɗanda suke farawa da huruful muƙaɗɗa’atu (Yankakkun haruffa).[32] cikin bakiɗayan waɗannan surori kai tsaye bayan waɗannan haruffane kur’ani ke sauke tare da cigaban bayani.[33]
  • Musabbihat; sune hadid, hashar, saffi, jum’a da tagabun da suke farwa da tasbihi.[34]

Adadin Surorin Kur’ani

Mafi yawan masu zurfafa bincike dangane da ilimin kur’ani sun tafi kan cewa adadin surorin kur’ani ya kasance 114,[35] amma tare da haka ba’arin marubuta ba tare da rage wata aya daga kur’ani ba suna ganin adadin surori shi ne 112, wannan mahanga ana ganinta matsayin shahararren ra’ayin shi’a.[36] a ra’ayinsu suratul Filu da ƙuraishi sura ce guda ɗaya haka suratul Dhuha da Inshirahi sura ce guda ɗaya,[37] An samu wannan ka'idar ne sakamakon haɗuwar ruwayoyi guda biyu daban-daban.[38] Daidai da wasu adadi daga riwayoyi wajibi ne mai sallah bayan karatun fatiha ya karanta kammalalliyar sura guda ɗaya.[39] sannan kan asasin wasu riwayoyin daban duk sanda mai sallah ya karanta suratul dhuha dole ya haɗe ta da inshirahi.[40] ba’arin masu bincike tare da watsi da wannan nazari sun gabatar da fuskar game da haɗe gayya biyu daga riwayoyi, a cewarsu duk da cewa wajibi karanta sura ɗaya bayan fatiha sai dia cewa tare da haka an togace suratul filu da ƙuraishi haka suratul dhuha da inshirahi daga wannan hukunci.[41] ba’arin malaman tafsiri na shi’a da ahlus-sunna suma suna ganin surorin tauba da anfal matsayin sura uda ɗaya ba tare raguwar wani abu daga ayoyin kur’ani suna ganin cewa adadin surorin kur’ani 113 ne.[42]

cikin ba'arin naqali daga ahlus-sunna qidaita surori ya kasance tare da qari ko ragin ayoyin kur'ani.[43] daidai da abin da suyuxi marubucin littafin Al'itqan, haqiqa mus'hafin Abdullahi xan mas'ud ya kasance tattare da adadin surori 112. saboda bai kasance yana qidaya falaqi da nasi cikin surorin kur'ani ba,[44] haka nan suyuxi ya kawo cewa mus'hafin Ubayyu xan ka'ab ya kasance da surori biyu da sunan Khal' da hafdu qari ka waxanda aka sani.[45] ba'arin masana gabas tare da qara surorin alaq da mudassir gida biyu suna gani qarin surori biya cikin kur'ani daga 114 zuwa 116.[46]

Sanyawa Sunan Surori

Kowacce sura guda ta keɓantu da suna, mafi yawan waɗannan sunaye an ciro su daga kalmomin farkon surorin ko kuma daga abin da sura ta tattara a kansa ko saƙon da take ƙunse da shi, kamar dai yadda suratul baƙara ta samu sunanta daga sanuwar bani isra’aila da aka ambata cikinta, ko suratul nisa’i sakamakon ambaton hukunce-hukuncen da suka shafi mata,[47] ba’arin surorin kur’ani suna da suna fiye guda ɗaya, suyuɗi ya ambaci sunaye 25 ga suratul fatiha.[48] Akwai saɓani cikinkasancewar ba’arin waɗannan sunaye cewa sun samu daga nassi daga bakin Annabi (S.A.W) da nusantarwar wahayi ko kuma dai ta hannun sahabbai.[49] ba’arin masana binciken kur’ani misalin zarkashi da suyuɗi suna ganin cewa surori sun samu sunayensu ne daga Annabi (S.A.W)[50] kuma bai kamata a dinga kiran surori da wasu sunaye daban ba[51] tare da dogara da nassi kan sunayen surori wasu ba’arin marubuta sun bayyana cewa sanya sunayen surori wani ɓangare ne na mujizar kur’ani a adabi. Sun yi amanna kan cewa ana fahimtar hadafi da manufar surorin ne daga waɗannan sunaye na su.[52]

Kishiyar wannan ra’ayi da ya gabata Sayyid Muhammad Husaini ɗabaɗaba’i da Abdullahi Jawadi Amoli daga malaman tafsiri na shi’a cikin ƙarni na 14 bayan hijira basa ganin sanya sunayen surori ya samu ne daga nassi daga bakin Annabi (S.A.W)[53] a cewarsu da yawa-yawan sunayen surori a zamanin Annabi (S.A.W) sun samu daga yawan amfanin da sahabbai suke yi da surorin[54] kan asasin nazarin Jawadi Amoli abu mai nisan gaske ace surori da suke tattare da maɗaukakan ma’arifofi da tarin hikimomi masu zurfin gaske da hukunce-hukunce masu yawa ace an sanya musu sunan dabba, ko kuma suratul an’am wacce ta tattaro kafa dalili har guda arba’in kan tauhidi a sanya mata sunan dabbobi masu kafafu huɗu, ko misalin suratul Namli da take tattare da zurfafan ma’arifofi da ƙissoshin da yawan Annabawa (A.S) a kirata da sunan tururuwa.[55]

Jerantuwar Surori

Mafi yawan masu bincike sun yi amanna kan cewa jerantar surorin kur’an cikin mus’haf basu kasance da umarnin Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ba, sahabbai ne suka tsara shi.[56] daga dalilan da suke wannan mahanga akwai saɓanin mus’hafan sahabbai cikin jeranta surori,[57] kamar dai yadda mus’hafin Imam Ali (A.S) ya kasance kan asasin mus’hafin da yake a hannu a yanzu, wanda ya kasance an tsara shi kan asasin jerantuwar saukar surori.[58] kwafin yanzu kur’anin da yake hannun musulmai, kwafi ne da aka tattara shi da umarnin Usman ɗan Affan Khalifa na uku[59] kuma kwafi da ya samu goyan bayan Imam Ali (A.S) da sauran Imamai (A.S).[60]

Tare da haka wasu ba’arin masu bincike sun tafi kan cewa jearntuwar surorin kur’ani ta yanzu ta kasance da umarnin Manzon Allah (S.A.W).[61] ba’arin waɗannan mutane sun yi amanna da cewa surorin kur’ani cikin maƙotaka da juna sun samar daidaituwa da ɗamfaruwa.[62] wasu kuma suna ganin jeranta wasu surori ya kasance daga nassi wasu kuma ya kasance daga ijtihadi da ra’ayin sahabbai daga Usman wanda ya ɗauki nauyin tattaro kur’ani.[63]

Surori na Farko da na ƙarshe

Akwai ra’ayoyi guda uku game da surar da ta fara sauka wurin Annabi (S.AW), wasu suna ganin ayoyin farkon surar alaƙ ne suka fara sauka wurin Annabi (S.A.W) wasu ba’ari kuma sun tafi kan cewa ayoyin farkon surar mudassir ne, wasu ba’arin kuma suna ganin surar fatihatul kitab,[64] Muhammad Hadi Ma’arifa marubucin littafin At-Tamhid ya tafi kan cewa duk da cewa ayoyin farkon surar alaƙ ne farkon sauka wurin Annabi da kuma ayoyin farkon surar mudassir bayan shuɗewa daurar fatara, amma tare da haka sura ta farko da ta sauka gare shi a kammale ita ce suratul hamdi.[65]

Game da wacce sura ce ƙarshen sauka wurin Annabi (S.A.W) wasu ba’arin malamai suna ganin suratul bara’a ita ce ƙarshen sauka, wasu ba’ari kuma suna ganin suratul nasri, wasu jama’a kuma sun tafi kan cewa suratul ma’ida ce ta ƙarshen sauka.[66] cikin riwayar da aka naƙalto daga Imam Sadiƙ (A.S) ya zo cewa sura ta ƙarshe da ta sauka wurin Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ita ce suratul Nasri.[67] kasantuwar suratul nasri gabanin fatahu makka ita kuma suratul tauba bayan fatahu makka suka sauka, Muhammad Hadi Ma’arifa ya yi amanna da cewa duk da ayoyin farkon suratul bara’a sun sauka ne bayan suratul nasri , amma tare da haka sura ta ƙarshe da ta sauka a kammale wurin Annabi (S.A.W) ita ce suratul nasri.[68]

Asalin Maƙala: Falalolin Sura:

A cikin farkon madogarn hadisi na shi’a akwai hadisai masu yawan gaske da suka zo game da falalar surori, akwai babuka da wannan take cikin litattafai misalin Al-kafi[69] da Sawabul A’amal.[70] sun keɓantu da wannan maudu’i, a ƙarnoni da suka zo daga baya an samu ba’arin malamai da suma suka kawo waɗannan riwayoyi a litattafansu.[71] cikin madogaran hadisai na ahlus-sunna suma akwai tarin hadisai masu yawan gaske cikin babin falalar surori da ayoyin kur’ani.[72] tare da haka a wannan gayyar riwaya sun samu matsalar isnadi da matani sannan da yawa-yawansu ƙagaggun riwayoyi ne.[73]

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Ma'arif, Mabahisi dar Tarikh wa ulum qur'ani . 2003, shafi 52.
  2. ↑ Rukni, shnayi ba ulum qur’ani, 1379, shafi na 104.
  3. ↑ Ma'arif, Mabahisi dar Tarikh wa ulum qur'ani . 2003, shafi 52
  4. ↑ Tabatabai, Al-Mizan, 1417 AH, Juzu'i na 13, shafi na 231-230.
  5. ↑ Ma’arif, Dar'amadio bar tarikh qur’ani, 1383, shafi na 137.
  6. ↑ Ma’arif, Dar'amadio bar tarikh qur’ani, 1383, shafi na 137.
  7. ↑ Zarqani, Manahel al-Irfan, Dar Ihya al-Trath al-Arabi, Mujalladi na 1, shafi na 344.
  8. ↑ Khamegar, Sakhtare Hindasi Suwarhaye Kur'an, 2006, shafi na 19-14.
  9. ↑ Mir, “ Pewastagi sureh,Tahawwuli dar Tafsir Kur’ani adarKarni 20”, Mohammad Hasan, Mohammadi Mozafar, ya fassara, shafi na 443.
  10. ↑ Tabatabaei, Al-Mizan, 1417 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 16.
  11. ↑ Mir, “ Pewastagi sureh,Tahawwuli dar Tafsir Kur’ani adarKarni 20”, Mohammad Hasan, Mohammadi Mozafar, ya fassara, shafi na 438
  12. ↑ Makarem Shirazi, Kur'ani wa Akharin Anbiya, 2005, shafi na 307.
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  17. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikh qur'an, 1369, shafi na 596.
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  26. ↑ Marfat, Tamhid, 2006, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 282.
  27. ↑ Javan Arasteh, Darsenameh ulumKur'an, 1380, shafi na 192-193.
  28. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikh qur'ani, 1369, shafi na 595.
  29. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikh qur'ani, 1369, shafi na 595.
  30. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikh qur'ani, 1369, shafi na 596-597.
  31. ↑ Bani Hashemi, Tauzihul Al-Masa'il al-Marjah, 2013, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 592-593.
  32. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikh qur'an, 1369, shafi na 596.
  33. ↑ Siyuti,Tnasuq Al-Durar fi tanasub Al-Suwar, 1406H, shafi na 115.
  34. ↑ Tabatabaei, Al-Mizan, 1417 AH, juzu'i na 19, shafi na 144.
  35. ↑ Mohammadi, Soroush Asemani, 2008, shafi na 99.
  36. ↑ Guruhi az muallifan,, Ulum Kur'ani inda umufassirin, 1375, shafi na 273.
  37. ↑ Guruhi az muallifan,, Ulum Kur'ani inda umufassirin, 1375, shafi na 273.
  38. ↑ Dashti, "Barasi wahadat dhuha wa inshirahi, filu wa qurasihi", shafi na 77-78.
  39. ↑ Kulaini, Al-Kafi, 1407 AH, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 314.
  40. ↑ Misali: Sheikh Tusi, Tahzeeb al-Ahkam, 1407 AH, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 72; Tabarsi, Majmall al-Bayan, 1372, juzu'i na 10, shafi.827.
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  42. ↑ Duba: Tabatabai, Al-Mizan, 1417 AH, Juzu'i na 9, shafi 146; Siyuti, al-Itqan, 1421 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 228.
  43. ↑ Siyuti, al-Itqan, 1421 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 229.
  44. ↑ Siyuti, al-Itqan, 1421 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 229.
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  48. ↑ Siyuti, al-Itqan, 1421 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 193-196.
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  50. ↑ Abu Shahba, al-Mudkhal lidirastul Alkur'ani, 1423 AH, shafi na 321. Misali, duba: Zarakshi, Al-Barhan, 1410 AH, juzu’i na 1, shafi.367; Siyuti, al-Itqan, 1421H, juzu’i na 1, shafi na 192.
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  52. ↑ Khamegar,Sakhtare Hindasi Suwarhaye qur'ani, 2006, shafi na 132.
  53. ↑ Tabatabai, Qur'an darIslam, 1353, shafi na 219; Javadi Amoli, Tafsir Tasnim, 2009, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 27.
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  55. ↑ Javadi Amoli, Tafsir Tasnim, 2009, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 27.
  56. ↑ Faqhizadeh, Pajuheshi dar Nazme qur’an, 1374, shafi na 72.
  57. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikh qur'an, 1369, shafi na 598.
  58. ↑ Sheikh Mufid, Al-Masa'll al-Sarawiyah, 1413 AH, shafi na 79.
  59. ↑ Faqhizadeh, Pajuheshi dar Nazme qur’ani, 1374, shafi na 73.
  60. ↑ Marifat, Tamhid, 2006, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 341-342.
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  62. ↑ Siyuti,Tartib Suwar Kur’an, 2000 AD, shafi na 32.
  63. ↑ Ibn Attiyeh, Al-Muharrar Al-wajiz, 1422 Hijira, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 50.
  64. ↑ Siyuti, Al-Itqan, 1421 AH, Juzu'i na 1, shafi na 106-108; Marifat, Tamhid, 1386, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 124-126.
  65. ↑ Marfiat, Tamhid, 2006, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 127.
  66. ↑ Marfiat, Tamhid, 2006, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 127.
  67. ↑ Sheikh Sadouq, Ayoun Akhbar al-Reza (AS), 1378 AH, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 6.
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  69. ↑ Kulaini, Al-Kafi, 1407, Juzu'i na 2, shafi na 596.
  70. ↑ Sheikh Sadouq, Thawab al-Amal, 1406H, shafi na 103.
  71. ↑ Misali: Hurrul Ameli, Wasa'il al-Shia, 1409 AH, juzu'i na 6, shafi na 37; Majlesi, Bihar al-Anwar, 1403 AH, juzu'i na 89, shafi na 223, juzu'i na 110, shafi na 263; Boroujerdi, Jame Ahadith al-Shia, 2006, juzu'i na 23, shafi na 790.
  72. ↑ Malik bin Anas, Al-Muwatta, 1425 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 202; Bukhari, Sahihul Bukhari, 1422 AH, Juzu'i na 6, shafi na 187-189; Tirmizi, Sunan al-Tirmizi, 1419 AH, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 231.
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