Karbala

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Karbala

Karbala ko kuma karbala mu'alla (Larabci:كربلاء) ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan ziyara a wurin ƴan shi'a a ƙasar Iraƙi. Shahadar Imam Husaini da sahabbansa lokacin waƙi'ar karbala shekara ta 61 bayan hijira da kuma kasancewar haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) da haramin Sayyidina Abbas (A.S) ya sanya wannan gari yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a wurin ƴan shi'a.

Tarihin karbala yana komawa tun kafin muslunci a zamanin babilawa, bayan futuhat ɗin muslunci (cin nasarar kwato garuruwa) akwai ƙabilu da suka rayu a geffan karbala kusa da kogin furat, bayan shahadar Imam Husaini da sahabbansa lokacin waƙi'ar ashura ranar 10 ga watan muharram tare da binne gawarsu a karbala ne ƴan shi'a suka fara zuwa karbala domin ziyartar haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) da sauran waɗanda suka yi shahada, daga nan karbala ta zama matsugunin ƴan shi'a, tun daga ƙarni na biyu da na uku ne bayan hijira aka fara gina karbala da rayata. A lokacin daular Alu Buye karbala ta samu haɓɓaƙa da faɗaɗa da gine-gine, amma mafi yawan himmatuwa kan gina karbala da rayata ya faru ne a zamanin daular safawiyya da ƙajar. Daidai zamani da ake raya karbala da faɗaɗa wannan gari a ƙarni na uku ne aka assasa makarantun karatun addini cikin wannan gari. Samun haɓɓakuwar ilimi a hauza ilimiyya ta karbala a tsawon tarihi ya dinga tafiya tare da hawa da sauka, daidai lokaci ɗaya da haɓɓakuwar ilimi a hauzozin karbala ƴan shi'a su dinga kwarara karbala domin neman ilimi cikin manyan dangi da suka zauna a karbala akwai dangin alu ɗu'uma, alu naƙib, bahbahani, shahristani da shirazi.

Birnin karbala cikin ƙarnoni biyu na ƙarshe-ƙarhen nan ya fuskanci adadin waƙi'o'i. harin da wahabiyawa suka kai kan karbala, harin najib pasha da gwamnan daular usmaniyya najib pasha ya kai kan karbala, juyin juya halin shekarar 1920 miladi, intifadatul sha'abaniyya da sauran ba'arin waƙi'o'in da suka faru a waɗannan ƙarnoni biyu na ƙarshe-ƙarshe. Birnin karbala A ƙarni na 20 bayan faɗuwar daular usmaniyya da mamayeta da birtaniyya ta yi an samu ɓulla ƙungiyoyi da harkokin siyasa, zamantakewa da al'adu da kuma ƙaruwarsu bayan Iraƙi ta samu ƴancin cin gashin kai daga hannun ƴan mulkin mallaka na birtaniya, jam'iyyar ittihad wa taraƙƙi, jam'iyya waɗaniyya islamiyya, shu'ubau hizbul da'awatil islamiyya a karbala, da reshen babban majlisin muslunci a ƙasar Iraƙi, suna daga cikin muhimman ƙungiyoyi shi'a da aka sani a karbala. ƴan shi'a daga sassa daban-daban na duniya lokutan munasabobi daban-daban suna zuwa birnin karbala domin ziyara, watannin muharram da safar ne miliyoyin ƴan shi'a suka fi zuwa wannan garin domin ziyara, musammam kwanakin tattakin arba'in. mutanen da suka halarci tattakin arba'in a tsakanin shekarar 2015-2016 miladi sun kai mutum miliyan 20. tsawon tarihin ana kiran karbala da wasu sunaye daban-daban. Gaziriyya, ninawa, ɗaffi, aƙru, ha'ir da nawawis suna daga cikin jumlar sunayen karbala

Gabatarwa

karbala tana daga garuruwan ziyara masu tsarki a wuirn ƴan shi'a a ƙasar Iraƙi[1] wannan gari yana nan a kudancin ƙasar Iraƙi, karbala gari ne da yake da nisan kilomita 100 tsakaninsa da bagdad babban birnin Iraƙi[2] Shahadar Imam Husaini (A.S) da sahabbansa, haramin Imam Husaini (A.S), haramin Sayyidina Abbas (A.S) da sauran wuraren ziyara na wannan gari sun zama mafi girman wuraren ziyara da musulmi suka fi zuwa musammam ƴan shi'a kuma musammam a kwanakin makoki da ta'aziyyar muharram da tattaƙin arba'in.[3]

Sabon hotan taswirar garin karbala da aka dauka da jirgin sama garin karbala bayan faduwar gwamnatin saddam husaini

bayan faɗuwar daular usmaniyya a shekarar 1914 miladi da faɗuwar hukumar Saddam a shekarar 2003 garin karbala ya samu matsayi na musamman a siyasar ƙasar Iraƙi. Fatawar jihadi ta Muhammad taƙiyyu shirazi, marja'in taƙlidi a karbala wacce ya fitar da ita domin jihadi kan turawan mulkin mallaka na birtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa a shekarar 1920 miladi, ƙarƙashin wannan yunƙuir mutanen Iraƙi sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da mamayar turawan mulkin mallaka na birtaniya, wannan jihadi ya kasance wani abu da yake bayyana taka rawa ta siyasar karbala a tarihin sabuwar wannan ƙarni a Iraƙi.[4] Bayan faɗuwar gwamnatin Saddam a Sallar Juma'a na wannan gari aka bayyana matsayin marja'iyyar shi'a ta Iraƙi dangane da ci gaban siyasa da zamantakewar wannan ƙasa da kuma duniyar musulmi. Shelanta fatawar jihadi kan ƴan ta'addan isis ƙarƙashin marja'iyyar Ayatullahi Sayyid Sistani Bayan taron sallar juma'a na karbala yana daga cikin jumlarsu.[5]

kan asasin ƙididdiga ta shekarar 2015 miladi haƙiƙa adadin mutanen jihar karbala sun kai mutane dubu ɗari bakwai.[6] karbala a tsawon tarihi ta kasance tana da adadin sunaye daban-daban. Gaziriyya, ninawa, ɗaffi, aƙru, ha'ir da nawawis suna daga jumlarsu.[7]

Taƙaitacce Tarihin Karbala

Cikin ba'arin madogarai haƙiƙa tarihin karbala na komawa zuwa ga daura kafin zuwan muslunci zamanin babilawa[8] akwai rahoto da yake bayyana cewa haƙiƙa karbala tun kafin muslunci ya ci wannan gari da nasara ta kasance maƙabartar kiristoci, wasu kuma sun tafi kan kasancewarta wurin bautar majusawan zartush masu bautar wuta.[9] tun zamani da geffan karbala musammam da suke maƙotaka da kogin furat akwai tarin ƙauyuka da mutane suka kasance suna rayuwa a wurin.[10] ƙari kan waɗannan rahotanni haƙiƙa litattafan riwayoyi sun bada labarin hallarar annabawa mafi ƙarancinsu shi ne hallarar annabawa ulul azmi misalin Nuhu (A.S), Ibrahim (A.S) a wannan garin na karbala.[11]

Bayan muslunci ya kwato garin Iraƙi da tsakanin tafkuna biyu, malaman tarihi sun bada gajeran rahoto kan garin karbala kafin faruwar waƙi'ar ashura, cikin rahotanni ya zo cewa Khalid ɗan Walid a shekara ta 12 bayan hijira lokaicn yaƙibn hira bayan kwato garin hira kusa da najaf ta yanzu ya je karbala ya kafa sansani.[12] ba'arin rahotanni sun yi ishara kan cewa imam ali (A.S) lokacin da yake dawowa daga yaƙin siffin ya wuce ta karbala, kan asasin wannan rahoto imam ali (A.S) ya dagata a karbala domin yin sallah, sannan ya labartawa ɗansa husaini (A.S) da sauran iyalansa abin da zai faru da su a karbala.[13]

Mafi muhimmancin waƙi'ar da karbala ta shahara da ita kuma ta sanya karbala take da muhimmancin a wurin ƴan shi'a, shi ne waƙi'ar ashura, cikin wannan waƙi'a bayan Imam Husaini (A.S) ya ƙi yin bai'a ga Yazidu ɗan Mu'awiya tare kuma da gayyatar mutanen kufa domin ya je can su yi masa bai'a tare da tarin wasiƙu da suka aiko wurinsa.[14] sai ya taso daga makka ya nufi zuwa garin kufa.[15] bayan hurru ɗan yazidu rayahi ya tare ayarin husaini (A.S) ƙarƙashin umarnin ubaidullahi ɗan ziyad gwamnan kufa,[16] sai ya tilastawa ayarin Imam Husaini (A.S) kafa sansani a karbala.[17] bayan kwanaki kaɗan daga dagatwar ayarin Imam Husaini (A.S) a ranar 10 ga watan muharram shekara ta 61 bayan hijira cikin yaƙi tsakanin rundunar Imam Husaini (A.S) da runudanar Umar ɗan Sa'ad.[18] Imam Husaini (A.S) tare da sahabbansa suka yi shahada a wannan rana, ragowar wanda suka rage daga iyalansa kuma a ka kama su matsayin fursunonin yaƙi, da farko an kais u kufa wurin ubaidullahi ɗan ziyad bayan nan kuma aka tura sham fadar Yazid ɗan Mu'awiya.[19]

Kwaɗaitarwa da ƙarfafawar da imaman shi'a suka dinga yi dangane da ziyarar Imam Husaini (A.S) da kuma irin damuwar da shi'a suka yi da shi ya haifar himmatuwa kan gina ƙabarinsa da faɗaɗa shi, da gina masaukan maziyarta da maƙotan ƙabarin a lokacin mulkin banu umayya da bani abba.[20] samuwar yunƙurorin shi'a bayan waƙi'ar karbala ya bada gudummawa cikin damuwar ƴan shi'a ga ƙabarin Imam Husaini (A.S). tawwabin cikin yunƙurinsu da miƙewarsu bayan tasowa faga nukhaila sun tafi damashƙi a kan hanyarsu ne suka tsaya suka ziyarci ƙabarin Imam Husaini (A.S).[21] sannan suka shelanta kasancewarsu tare da Imam Husaini.[22] cikin miƙewar mukhtar saƙafi shi ma akwai karkata ga karbala da ziyarar Imam Husaini (A.S) mukhtar saƙafi shi ne mutum na farko cikin yunƙurinsa na gina ƙabarin Imam Husaini (A.S) ya samar da masallaci da ƙaramin ƙauye da wasu adadin gidaje[23] da ka gina su daga yunɓu da rassan bishiyar dabino.[24]

Bayan samun yawaita da ƙaruwar maziyarta karbala da zama a garin ne a ka wasu musulmai daidai lokacin da gwamnatin bani umayya take fuskantar raunana ne da fara ɓullar daular abbasiyawa suka fara gina garuruwa da suke geffan karbala a daga wannan lokaci ne ta fara bunƙasa tare da yawaitar gine-ginen gidaje a kusa da ƙabarin Imam Husaini (A.S).[25]

Wannan yunƙuri na yan shi'a ya zama wata babbar barazana ga ba'arin sarakun abbasiyawa. Da wannan ne sarakuna misalin Haruna Rashid da Mutawakkil a lokacin mulkinsu suka ba da umarnin ruguje wannan harami da gine-gine da suke kewaye da shi.[26] tare da haka wannan mataki da sarakunan abbasiyawa suka ɗauka bai iya canja karbala daga kasancewarta matsugunin ba'arin ƴan shi'a ba, bayan Haruna Rashid a lokacin ɗansa Mamun abbasi an ƙara rusa ƙabarin Imam Husaini (A.S) da gine-ginen da suke kewaye da shi, sai dia cewa an sake gina wani ƙaramin ɓangare daga gareta.[27] bayan rusau ɗin da aka yi zamanin mulkin sarki mutawakkil ana sake gina karbala da rayata, sannan ƙari kan sabunta ginin ƙabarin imam da wuraren da aka rushe, an samar da sababbin gine-gine misalin kasuwar karbala[28] a zamanin mulkin abbasiyawa an samu majalisan ilimi da sahabban imamai suka assasu, waɗannan majalisai ne ake kiransu da hauzozin ilimi na farko a birnin karbala[29] tsarin gine-ginen karbala a zamanin daular alu buye ta kasance ta sabon tsari nata[30] wasu suna kiran wannan lokaci da lokacin bunƙasar gine-ginen karbala,[31] sarakunan alu buye lokacin da suka kai ziyara A lokacin da suka ziyarci Imam Husaini (A.S) sarakunan Buwaihi sun sabunta hubbaren Imam Husaini (A.S) tare da raya birnin Karbala. Ginin Katanga a farko a karbala da samar da masaukan baƙi maziyarta da sabuwar kasuwa, makarantun addini misalin makarantar azudiya wacce aka gina da umarnin Azud daula dailami a shekara ta 327 bayan hijira, duka waɗannan abubuwa suna hakaito yadda garin karbala ya samu faɗaɗa da bunƙasa.[32]

Birnin karbala tare da damuwar da sarakun safawiyya da ƙajariyawa suka yi da hubbaren imamai kusan tun daga ƙarni na goma zuwa na sha uku tare da shigar iraniyawa wannan garin sai ya zamanto ya fara shiga sabuwar marhalar gini da raya ƙasa, a wannan marhala ƙara kan sabunta haramin Imam Husaini(A.S) da Abbas (A.S) da sauran wurare da suke garin karbala, iraniyawa da suke zaune wannan gari sun bada babbar gudummawa cikin assasa husainiyoyi, makarantun addini, ɗakunan nazarin karatu da masallatai, ɗan yawon keya duniya.

da masallacin ra'asul Husaini (A.S), haramin sayyidina Abbas (A.S) Masu yawon buɗe ido da masu binciken kasa kamar Carsten Niebuhr, john usher cikin ziyarar buɗe idanu a garin karbala cikin littafin labarin tafiya da suka wallafa sun bada rahoto dangane da faɗaɗuwar garin karbala a zamanin daular usmaniyyawa,[33] john peter ɗan yawon buɗe idanu kuma masanin tarihi (Archaeologist) daga ƙasar amurka shi ma cikin ziyara buɗe ido da ya je karbala a shekarar 1890 miladi ya rubuta cewa an samar da wani sabon ɓangare daga karbala da ya kasance a wajen tsohuwar shingen garin karbala wannan sabun gini ya kasance tare da tituna masu faɗin gaske misalin na garuruwan ƙasashen turai.[34]

Wuraren Ziyara

Hotan Haramin Sayyidina Abbas (A.S) Da Haramin Imam Husaini (A.S)

Kasancewar haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) da haramin Sayyidina Abbas (A.S) a garin karbala ya sanya wannan gari cikin jerin muhimman wuraren ziyara a wurin ƴan shi'a.[135] haramin Husaini (A.S) nan dai mahallin da aka binne shi (A.S) da wasu adadin mutane daga bani hashim da sahabbansa waɗanda aka shahadantar da su a lokacin waƙi'ar karbala[35] ziyarar haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) kodayaushe ta kasance abu da yake ɗaukar hankulan ƴan shi'a.

Wasiyyoyi kan ziyarar Imam Husaini (A.S) a wasu keɓantattun ranaku misalin ranar ashura,[36] ranar arba'in[37] da nisfu sha'aban[38] sun zama sababi da ya sanya mafi yawan maziyarta suna zuwa ziyara ne a waɗannan ranaku[39] cikin fiƙihun shi'a haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) da ƙasar ƙabarinsa sun kasance da keɓantattun hukunce-hukunce.[40]

Haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) lokuta daban-daban an ruguje shi ta hannun masu saɓanin aƙida da shi'a, daga jumlarsu halifofin abbasiyawa da kuma ta hannun wahabiyawa, farkon fara ruguje shi ya faru a zamanin sarki Mutawakkil.[41] na ƙarshe kuma ya faru ne a shekara 1411 bayan hijira ta hannun gwamnatin ƴan ba'asiyya a ƙasar Iraƙi lokacin yunƙurin intifadatul sha'abaniyya.[42]

Haramin Sayyidina Abbas (A.S) ya kasance tare da faɗin mita 378 ɓangaren arewa maso gabas na haramin Imam Husaini (A.S), masu ziyara karbala ƙari kan ziyartar ƙabarin Imam Husaini (A.S) suna zuwa ziyarar ƙabarin Sayyidina Abbas (A.S).[43] ƴan shi'a a ranar tasu'a suna yin zaman makoki a cikin haramin Abbas, cikin kalandar zaman makoki da ta'aziyya ta shi'a ana danganta ranar tasu'a matsayin ranar Sayyidina Abbas (A.S).[44] Binrin karbala ƙari kan samuwar haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) da Sayyidina Abbas (A.S) akwai wasu wuaren ziyarar daban, galibin waɗannan wurare suna da alaƙa da waƙi'ar karbala. Tantina da hemomi, talli zainabiyya, ƙabarin Hurru ɗan Yazidu Rayahi, suna daga cikin jumlar waɗannan wurare. Kusa da haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) akwai muƙamai guda biyu: Muƙamu Imam Sadiƙ (A.S) da Muƙamu Imam Zaman (A.F) wurare ababen girmamawa a wurin ƴan shi'a.[45]

Waƙi'o'in Siyasa Da Zamantakewa Da Suka Faru A ƙarnoni Biyu Na ƙarshe

A ƙarnoni biyu na ƙarshe-ƙarshen nan karbala ta fuskanci wasu adadin waƙi'o'i na siyasa da al'ada.

Mukamu Imam Zaman (A.F) A Karbala

Harin Wahabiyawa Kan Garin Karbala

Tushen ƙasida: Harin Wahabiyawa Kan Garin Karbala

Ranar 18 ga watan zil hijja shekara ta 1216 bayan hijira, wahabiyawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Abdul-Aziz ɗan Alu Sa'ud daga hijaz sun shigo ƙasar iraƙi sun kai hari kan karbala. Sun shiga wannan gari ta hanyar almukhayyam, suka dinga kashe fararen hula tare da daka wasoso kan abubuwa masu tsada da suke cikin haramin Imam Husaini (A.S), kamar yanda a saba a wannan rana ta ranar idin ghadir mutane masu yawan gaske sun tafi garin najaf ziyarar haramin Imam Ali (A.S), saboda haka daidai wannan lokacin da wahabiyawa suka kawo hari karbala muatne duk sun fice sai yan tsiraru, madogaran tarihi sun bada rahoto cewa adadin mutanen da suka rasa rayukansu sakamakon wannan hari sun kai mutum dubu huɗu, wannan ya taɓa ginin haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) matuƙar taɓawa[46]

Harin Najib Pasha Kan Karbala

Bayan mutanen garin karbala sun ƙi amincewa da mulkin daular usmaniyya a shekara ta 1285 bayan hijira, sai Najib Pasha Sarkin daular usamaniyya a iraƙi ya baiwa mazauna garin karbala wasu ƴan kwanaki domin su yanke shawara kan amincewa da halifancin daular usmaniyya da miƙa wuya, bayan gaza samun cimma matsaya tsakaninsu da masarautar usmaniyya ƙarƙashi mai shiga tsakanin Sayyid Kazim Rashti ɗaya daga cikin malamai mazauna karbala kuma na biyu cikin jagororin shaikiyya, sakamakon rashin miƙa wuya da mutanen karbala suka yi sai Najib Pasha ya bada umarni kai hari kansu, sojojin daular usmaniyya sun karɓo izinin hari kan kowacce kusurwa cikin karbala in banda haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) da Sayyidina Abbas (A.S) da kuma gidan Sayyid Kazim Rashti, ba'arin mutane sun gudu sun fake a haramin Sayyidina Abbas (A.S), domin tsira daga harin usmaniyya, kan asasin rahotanni an kashe kusan muatne dubu goma cikin wannan hari, wannan waƙi'a ta shahara da sunan waƙi'atu ghadirul dammi (Ghadir ɗin Jini).[47]

Fito Na Fito Tare da Turawa ƴan Mulkin Mallakar Birtaniya

zamanin faɗuwar masarautar usmaniyya da zuwan ƴan mulkin mallakar birtaniya ƙasar iraƙi a shekarar 1917, haƙiƙa garin karbala ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka yi ɗauki ba daɗi da turawan birtaniya, motsin shekarar 1920 wanda daga ya samu shahara da sunan sauratul ishirin da ya kasance ƙarƙashin sakai da sadaukarwar mutane[50] bisa jagorancin Muhammad Taƙiyyu Shirazi marja'iyyar shi'a a karbala, wannan motsi bayan rashin cin nasarar ƴan mulkin mallakar birtaniyya a iraƙi sai ƙasar ta samu ƴantuwa.[48]

Intifada Sha'abaniyya

Tushen ƙasida: Intifada Sha'abaniyya
Hallarar Dakarun Baath na Iraki a kofar hubbaren Sayyidina Abbas (A.S).

Lokacin miƙewar mutane tare da bore kan gwamnatin ba'asiyya a iraƙi ƙarƙashin shugabancin Saddam Husaini a watan sha'aban shekara ta 1411 bayan hijira, karbala ta kasance cibiyar asalin wannan bore, wannan gari tare da jahohi 13 na iraƙi ya faɗa hannun masu bore[49] sai dai kuma daga ƙarshe sojojin Saddam ƙarƙashin umarninsa sun kori mutane tare da dawo da ikonsu, cikin waƙi'ar tarwatsa masu bore, haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) ya fuskanci hari daga sojojin Sadda, kan asasin ba'arin madogarai an kashe mutane tsakanin dubu ɗari uku zuwa dubu ɗari biyar, sannan kusan mutum miliyan biyu sun rasa matsugunansu.[50]

Ɗauki Ba Daɗi Tare da Sojojin Amurka Bayan Faɗuwar Saddam

Dauki Ba dadi Tare da Sojojin Amurka a karbala shekarar 2003

Zamanin da amurka ta kai hari kan iraƙi a shekarar 2003 miladi karbala ta fuskanci ɗauki ba daɗi tare da gungun jama'ar Sadar waɗanda ake kira da ƙungiyar Almahadi, daban-daban nan da can tare da sojojin amurka cikin titunan da za su kai ka haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) da Sayyidina Abbas (A.S), haka nan a shekara 2004 an yi ɗauki ba daɗi atre da amurka a garin najaf, basra da ɗan ƙaramin birnin sadar bagdad, amurka domin tunkuɗe harin da suke tsammanin mutanen Sadar a karbala za su iya kawo kansu, sai sojojin amurka tare da motocin sojoji masu sulke suka shigo garin karbala, cikin harin da suka kai kan ofishin sadar amurka sun rufe titunan da za a su kai ka zuwa haramin, babban dalili faruwa wannan ɗauki ba daɗi tsakanin mutanen sadar da amurka shi ne ƙin amincewa da mamayar sojojin amurka kan iraƙi.[51] ƴan shi'a magoya bayan jaishul almahadi a karbala a shekarar 2007 nan sun yi ɗauki ba daɗi da amurka, duk da cewa a wannan lokaci an bayyana cewa ana rigima tsakanin ƴan sandan ƙasar iraƙi da mutanen sadar sai dia cewa amurka ta fake da bada kariya ga ƴan sandan iraƙi cikin shigowa wannan rigima[52]

Harin Ta'addanci Cikin Karbala

Bayan faɗuwar gwamnatin Saddam, an samu ɓullar ƙungiyoyin ƴan ta'addan takfiri da suke haɗe da ƙungiyar ta'adda ta alƙa'ida tare da haɗin kai da tsofaffin ƙusoshin jami'an korarriyar gwamnatin ba'as ta iraƙi, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ta'addan sun dinga kai hare-haren ta'addanci cikin garin karbala.[53] wannan hare-hare na ta'addanci ya dinga faruwa a sauran garuruwan ƙasar iraƙi tare da haifar da sarar rayuka da dukiya mai tarin yawa, galibin hare-hare da aka kai cikin karbala sun faru ne a kwanakin watan muharram lokutan makokin Imam Husaini (A.S) da Kuma lokacin tattakin arba'in.[54]

Jam'iyyun Siyasa Da ƙungoyoyin Zamantakewa

Garin karbala a ƙarnoni biyu na ƙarshe-ƙarshe sakamakon dalilin zaman maraji'an shi'a cikinsa da kuma bunƙasar hauzozin ilimi na karbala ya bada muhimmiyar gudummawa cikin sauye-sauyen siyasa da zamantakewa a ƙasar iraƙi. Ayyukan ƙungiyoyin siyasa da zamantakewa a karbala sun kasance kafaɗa da kafaɗa tare da sauye-sauyen siyasa a Iraƙi da Iran, matakan malamai mazauna najaf da karbala gaban motsin tsarin mulki daga Iran suna daga jumlar waɗannan ayyuka, batun Kamar yadda lamarin tsarin mulki ya girgiza malamai a yankin Najaf, haka nan ma abin ya shafi Karbala, tare da bambancin cewa su malaman karbala basu bada haɗin kai kan wannan batu ba..[55]

Karbala cikin ƙarni na 20 a keɓance lokacin mamayar ƴan mulkin mallar birtaniya ta fuskanci ɓullar jam'iyyun siyasa da ganin sababbin abubuwa kala-kala ko kuma assasa rassan manyan jam'iyyun siyasa na Iraƙi. Marja'iyyar da hauzozin ilimi na birnin karbala sun taka rana cikin ayyukan siyasa da zamantakewar tare da wasubu ba'arin abubuwa da suka faru a wannan gari. Samun cin gashin kan Iraƙi tare da ficewar birtaniya daga cikin wannan ƙasa suna daga cikin asalin labarurruka ƙasar iraƙi a rabin ƙarni na ashirin miladi, ja,'iyyar haɗin kai da bunƙasar ƙasar muslunci suna daga wannan nau'in.[56] an kafa jam'iyyar ƙishin ƙasa ta hannun Muhammad Rida shirazi da Muhammad Taƙiyyu Shirazi marja'iyyar shi'a a karbala da wasu adadin malaman addini na shi'a a karbala ƙarƙashin hadafi da manufar ƙalubalantar shigowar birtaniya ƙasar iraƙi a shekarar 1917. fatwar jihadi Mirza shirazi ta bada muhimmiyar gudummawa cikin assasa juyin juya halin shekarar 1920 miladi a ƙasar iraƙi.[57]

Tare da kafa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƴan gurguzu daban-daban ƙarƙashin inuwar neman cin gashin kan ƙasar iraƙi, misalin “Hizbul shuyu'i” a garin karbala da najaf wannan ƙungiyoyin sun faɗaɗa ayyukansu tsakanin matasa tare da jawo hankulansu zuwa gare su.[58] hauzozin ilimi da marja'iyya a garin najaf da karbala cikin yunƙurin ƙalubalantar yaɗuwar gurguzu sun shiga tunanin samar da ƙungiyoyi muslunci[59] waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun kasance da sunaye misalin hizbul da'awa islamiyya wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1956, zama na farko da wannan ƙungiya ta fara ya kasance ne a garin karbala.[60] wasu adadi daga jagororin siyasa na wannan ƙungiya misalin Ibrahim Jafari da Nuri Maliki sun kasance daga haifaffun garin karbala.[61] bayan hizbul da'awa islamiyya a shekarar 1962 miladi an samar da munazzamatu al'amalul islami a karbala wace take da alaƙa da gidan. Shirazawa.[62]

Zamanin mulkin hizbul ba'as Iraƙi ƙarƙashin shugabancin Saddam Husaini nan ma an samu wasu ba'arin malaman addini sun samar da majlisar koli ta muslunci a iraƙi.[63] bayan faɗuwar Saddam an samu kafa ƙungiyoyin shi'a masu yawa a iraƙi, galibinsu sun samar da rassa a karbala tare da shagaltuwa da ayyukan siyasa da zamantakewa, daga jumlar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi za a iya maganar badar irak da kuma ƙungiyar sadar.

Al'adu

Waƙi'ar karbala da miƙewar Husaini suan da tasiri mai yawan gaske cikin al'ummun shi'a. Garin karbala ya kasance cibiya kuma maɓuɓɓugar da yawa-yawan waɗannan abubuwa na al'ada da suka tasirantu da waƙi'ar ashura, ɓullar al'adun shi'anci a karbala misalin ta'aziyyar ɗuwairij, tattakin arba'in, ziyarar arba'in, gina husainiyyoyi, turbar sallah, carbi da aka yi daga ƙasar karbala da ta'aziyya suna daga cikinsu.

Ɗuwairij

ɗayan daga ayyukan addini a wurin ƴan shi'a na garin karbala akwai samar da ta'aziyyar ɗuwairij, ɗuwairij sunan wani gari ne da yake da nisa kilo mita goma tsakaninsa da karbala wannan suna ya shahara da makokin ƴan shi'a a ranar ashura cikin garin karbala, ƴan shi'an karbala a la'asar ɗin ranar ashura suna tasowa daga garin ɗuwairij suna masu tattakin har zuwa haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) da haramin Sayyidina Abbas (A.S) yayin da suka kusa zuwa haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) sai su fara sassarfa kan hanyar filin bainal haramaini har zuwa cikin haramin suna ta sassarfa tare da dukan kai da ƙirji, wannan al'ada ana yinta domin tunawa da zuwan da mutanen wannan gari karbala a makare bayan la'asar.[64]

Ziyarar Arba'in

ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan addini na ƴan shi'a a karbala akwai ziyarar arba'in. ƴan shi'a tsawon ƙarnoni kan asasin wasiyya daga Imamai ma'asumai sun kasance suna da himmatuwa da kulawa ta musammam kan ziyarar arba'in.[65] da yawa-yawan ƴan shi'a a ƙasar Iraƙi da wasu ba'ari daga ƙasar Iran da sauran yankunan duniya domin halartar tattakin arba'in suna tasowa a ƙafa tun daga garin najaf har zuwa karbala, wannan al'ada ta shahara da sunan tattakin arba'in. Ranar arba'in daga shahadar Imam Husaini (A.S) tarin jama'a masu ta'aziyya ne daga garuruwa masu nisa da kusa da Iraƙi da sauran ƙasashen duniya suna hallara a karbala.[66]

Ƙasar Karbala

Ƙasar karbala ko kuma turbatu Imam Husaini (A.S) wace galibi za ka samu ƙasa ce ko ƙura da aka ɗebo daga geffan ƙabarin Imam Husaini (A.S), sakamakon falala da ta zo kanta daga riwayoyi da aka naƙalto, wannan ƙasa tana samun girmamawa a wurin ƴan shi'a.[67] ƴan shi'a suna amfani da ƙasar karbala cikin ƙera turba da carbi.[68] cikin madogaran fiƙihu na ƴan shi'a an bayyana mustahabbancin yin sujjada a kan ƙasar karbala.[69]

Gina Husainiyoyi Domin Saukar Masu Zuwa Ziyara

Wani Gini da ake dangantawa da dadaddiyar husainiyya ta isfahan da take kan titin alkibla a karbala

Samar da husainiyoyi domin saukar baƙi maziyarta a karabala suna daga jumlar yunƙuri da aka yi a ƙarnonin da suka wuce, tarihin gina husainiyoyi a karbala yana komawa ga ƙarni na sha ɗaya bayan hijira, daidai lokacin da ake sabunta wanin ɓangare daga ginin wurare masu tsarki a iraƙi a zamanin sarakunan ƙajariyyawa, gwamnan masarautar usmaniyya a Iraƙi a shekarar 1122 bayan hijira ya samar da husainiyoyi a karbala domin sauƙaƙawa masu ziyara.[70] bayan nan a shekarar 1368 bayan hijira wasu gungun jama'a daga ƴan kasuwa mutanen ƙasar Iran suka sayi wannan wuri daga hannun hukumar kula da waƙafi da ƙasar iraƙi, sannan tare da haɗin kan ƴan kasuwar ƙasar kuwaiti da iraƙi suka sabunta gina wannan husainiyya,[71] bayan sabun ginin ne aka sanya mata suna husainiyyar mutanen garin tehran, bayan wani lokaci aka canja mata suna zuwa husainiyya haidariyya. kafin wannan lokaci tarihi bai bada rahoto kan wani wuri da sunan hausainiyya ba, bayan wannan galibin husainiyyoyi da suka shahara a karbala an gina su cikin ƙarni na goma sha huɗu bayan hijira.[72] wasu adadin husainiyoyi a tarihi an gina su ne ta hannun malamai, yan kasuwar ƙasar Iran da ƴan shi'ar ƙasar indiya.[73]bayan faɗuwar gwamnatin Saddam Husaini, haƙiƙa gina husainiyoyi da masaukin maziyarta ya samu faɗaɗuwa yaɗuwa da bunƙasa ta musamman, gine-ginen otel-otel da aka dinga yi bai yi tasiri ba cikin rage gina husainiyoyi ba.[74]

Ta'aziyya

Ta'aziyya tana matsayin wata alama ta mazhaba data samu yaɗuwa a garuruwan Iraƙi daga jumlarsu karbala, ta'aziyya cikin tsari na wannan zamani, bayan yaɗuwarsa a zamanin ƙajariyyawa a Iran, ta shigo Iraƙi ne a cikin ƙarni na ashirin miladi.[75] wannan taro a cikin karbala da najaf ƙari ana kiransa da tashabiya ko tiyatar kwaikwayo ta Husaini.[76] shirya ayyukan fasaha cikin ta'aziyya misalin sauran zaman makokin shi'a ya fuskanci matsala bayan faɗawar mulki hannun jam'iyyar ba's a ƙasar Iraƙi shekara 1970 miladi wanda daga ƙarshe takai ga sun hana duk wani zaman makoki da da juyayi.[77] bayan faɗuwar gwamnatin ƴan ba'as ƙarƙashin shugabancin Saddam Husaini a shekarar 2003 majalisan zaman makoki da juyayi sun sake dawowa ƙasar Iraƙi.

Mawaƙan Karbala

Kan asasin madogaran adabi da tarihi haƙiƙa mawaƙan garin karbala sun taka muhimmiyar arwa cikin raya harkar raya adabi da siyasa a ƙasar Iraƙi. Wani ɓangare daga ayyukan adabi, siyasa da zamantakewa na su ya kasance cikin hallara cikin ƙungiyoyin adabi da waƙa a karbala da sauran jahohi ƙasar Iraƙi, jam'iyyatu nudwatil al-shabab al-arabi, nudwatul al-khamis al-arabi, al-muntada as-saƙafi da jam'iyyatul ash-shu'ara ash-sha'abiyin, sun kasance samfuri daga waɗannan ƙungiyoui na adabi a garin karbala.[78] wasu adadi daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna yin ayyuka na kankin kansu.[79] cikinsu A halin da ake ciki, wakoki na al'ada a Karbala sun zama ruwan dare tare da sauran salon wakoki a Karbala, salon wannan waƙa tare da taimakon haramin Abbas (A.S) ya samu karɓuwa matuƙa tsakankanin matasan ƙasar iraƙi.

Hauzozi Da Cibiyoyin Ilimi

Tushen ƙasida: Hauzar Ilimi Ta Karbala

Tarihin karatun addini a karbala yana komawa ga ƙarnonin farko bayan hijira tare da hallarar ba'arin Imamai Ma'asumai (A.S) da marawaitan shi'a. a wancan zamani sun kasance suna shagaltuwa da tarbiyar ɗalibai a garin karbala. Abdullahi ɗan Jafar Himyari ɗaya daga makusantan Imam Hadi (A.S) da Imam Hassan Askari (A.S) ya tarbyanci adadin ɗalbai masu yawa a wannan gari na karbala.[80] bayan zamanin gaiba malaman fiƙihu misalin Najashi, Sayyid Ibn ɗawus, Shahid Awwal da Ibn Fahad Hilli sun yi karatu a wannan gari na karbala.[81]

A ƙarni na tara bayan hijira, hauzar karbala ta samu ɗaya daga manyan malaman wannan hauza sun kasance Sayyid Izzud-dini Husaini Musa'id Ha'iri da Faizullahi Barmaki bagadadi.[82] a cikin hauzar karbala akwai manyan makarantu guda biyu: makarantar usul da makarantar akhbariyawa da suka shagaltu da yaɗa ayyukansu, sai dai cewa makarantar akhbariyun ba ta da magoya baya da yawa.[83] lokacin da safawiyya suka zo makarantar akhbariyun ta rayu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Muhammad Amin Istir'abadi. Bayan faɗuwar gwamnatin safawiyya, tare da taƙurawa da matsi daga ɓangaren afganawa ahlus-sunna da matsin lamba daga Nadir Shah, ya tilastawa malamai iraniyawa yin hijira zuwa ƙasar Iraƙi musammam garin karbala, a wannan zamani ne makarantar akhbariyun ta kai ƙololuwar ɗaukaka da nuna a karbala, adadin masu daga malamai iraniyawa suka zama akhbariyun, sai dai cewa duk da wannan tumbatsa da bunƙasa da makarantar akhbariyun ta yi daga ƙarshe dai sakamakon wasu dalili sai da ta bushe ta dusashe..[84] Hauzar karbala a ƙarni na sha uku sakamakon hijirar malamai ƴan ƙasar Iran zuwa najaf ko kuma komawarsu ƙasarsu ta Iran ba ta ci gaba da kre bunƙasarta ba har zuwa zamanin da Muhammad Taƙiyyu Shirazi ya taso ya yi hijira daga samarra zuwa kazimaini daga ƙarshe ya ƙarƙare da tarewa a karbala, tsarin tafiyarwarsa cikin ƙalubalantar ƴan mulkin mallaka na birtaniya a ƙasar Iraƙi tare da samun haɗin kan wasu ba'arin malaman addini da ɗaliban hauzar karbala cikin jihadin korar ƴan mulkin mallaka, hauzar karbala ta ƙara samun numfasawa.[85]

Cikin ƙarnoni daban-daban an assasa makarantun addini masu tarin yawa. Adadi mai yawa daga waɗannan makarantun iraniyawa ne mazauna Iraƙi suka gina su, makarantar Sayyid Mujahid, makarantar Sadar A'azam Nuri da makaranta Khuyi suna cikin jumlar waɗannan makakarantu.[86] ƙari kan ginin makarantun an samar adadin ɗakunan nazari a karbala, waɗannan ɗakunan nazari sun samu ƙima da matsayi na musammam a wurin ƴan shi'a sakamakon samuwar kwafin rubuce-rubucen hannu.[87] ba'arin malaman tarihi sun lissafa ɗakunan nazari guda 78 da aka samar a karbala, ba'arin waɗannan ɗakunan nazari an gina su da ta hannun malaman karbala.[88] a gefan makarantun addini an samar da jami'o'i misalin jami'ar karbala, jami'ar ahlul-baiti da kulliya da take ƙarƙashin haramin Imam Husaini (A.S) da Abul Fadli Abbas (A.S), haka nan duk bayan faɗuwar Saddam an assasa cibiyoyi binciken ilimi a fagen shi'anc masu tarin yawa.[89]

Gidaje Da Fitattun Mutane

Garin karbala tun ƙarnoni na farko da kuma kafuwar garin har zuwa wannan zamani na yau, akwai fitattun gidaje da mutane da suka shahara a wannan gari, ba'arin waɗanann gidaje tun daga ƙarni na farko sun kasance mazauna karbala. Gidan Alu ɗu'uma da Alu naƙib suna jerin waɗannan gidaje, alu ɗu'uma da silsilarsu take ƙarƙarewa da Ibrahim Mujab, mutum na farko cikin alawiyyawa da ya fara zama a karbala, suna daga mafi daɗewa dangi alawiyyawa da suka zauna a karbala tun ƙarni na uku.[90] alu naƙib suma silsilarsu tana kaiwa ga Imam Kazim (A.S) sun zauna a karbala tun ƙarni na biyar bayan hijira.[91] galibin shahara tana keɓantuwa ne da gidajen dangin ilim, waɗanda suka suka zauna yankuna daban-daban na duniya daga Iraƙi Iran da Indiya domin neman ilimin addini. Ba'arin gidaje da dangi bayan samun ilimi ko kaiwa ga darajar ijtihadi ko gama marhalar share fage sun koma ƙasashensu.[92] dangin Bahbahani, Sadar, Shirazi, Shahristani, Kashmiri, Rashti da Mar'ashi sune kaɗai dangi sanannu a suka shahara a karbala.[93]

A wannan zamani na yau nba'arin fitattun ƴan siyasa ƴan shi'a a ƙasar Iraƙi da Iran sun fito daga dangi ƴan garin karbala. Ibrahim Jafari da Nuri Maliki daga fitattun ƴan siyasa a ƙasar Iraƙi sun kasance haifaffun garin karbala.[94]

Noma Da Kasuwanci

ɗaya daga cikin sana'o'i na asali ga mutanen garin karbala a wannan ƙarni su ne kasuwanci da noma, Haɓakar kishin ƙasar Larabawa a cikin shekarun farko a Iraki, wanda ya kasance cikin maslahar ahlus-sunna tare da fatwar haramta aiki tare da gidan sarautar iraƙi da maraji'an shi'a suka bayar, ya snaya ƴan shi'a karbala da bagdad da sauran jahohi runguma noma da kasuwanci.[95] ƙari kan haka akwai wadataccen ruwa musamamman hanyar ruwa da aka husainiyya, wace ke da alhakin jigilar ruwa daga kogin furat zuwa karbala, wannan ya bada gudummawa cikin bunƙasa da haɓɓakar noma a karbala.[96]

Takardar Kawance Tare da Garuruwan ƙasar Iran

Kasantuwar bunƙasar kasuwanci da ƙaruwar saye da sayarwa tsakanin ƴan kasuwar Iran da na Iraƙi hakan ya haifar da samar da yarjejeniya tsakanin ɗaya daga cikin jahohin Iran da Karbala, Jahar ƙum, mashad, da ƙazwin sune suka neman ƙulla wannan yarjejeniya, tare da zaɓar garin ƙazwin an cimma nasarar ƙulla yarjejeniyar ƴan'uwantakar juna, kan asasin wannan yarjejeniya kowanne ɓangare za su yin bakin ƙoƙarinsu cikin ƙarfafa dangantakar kasuwanci, yawan buɗe idanu, faɗaɗa gine-ginen garuruwa.[97]

Nazari

  • Turasu Karbala, na Salman Hadi ALu ɗu'uma: Cibiyar Bincike na Hajji da Ziarat, Gidan Buga na Mashaar, Tehran, 1395.[98]
  • MIrasul Karbala "Tarihin Al'adun da zamantakewar karbala" Na Alu ɗu'uma, Salman Hadi-Mai tarjama Ansari, Muhammad Rida. Nashir Sazimane Tabligat Islami, shekara 1373, tehran.

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ «راهنمای سفر به کربلای معلی»، باشگاه خبرنگاران جوان.
  2. ↑ «کربلا»، پایگاه خبری الجزیره.
  3. ↑ «کربلا»، پایگاه خبری الجزیره.
  4. ↑ Al Touma, Mirasu Karbala, 1373H, shafi na 84-186.
  5. ↑ «اعلام جهاد علمای شیعه و سنی»، خبرگزاری تسنیم.
  6. ↑ «Major Cities».
  7. ↑ Al Touma, Miras Karbala, 1435 BC, shafi na 31-36.
  8. ↑ Al Tomeh, Miras Karbala, 1435 AH, shafi na 31.
  9. ↑ Al Tomeh, Miras Karbala, 1435 AH, shafi na 36.
  10. ↑ Al Tomeh, Miras Karbala, 1435 AH, shafi na 20-21
  11. ↑ Majlesi, Bihar al-Anwar, 1403 AH, juzu'i na 44, shafi na 301.
  12. ↑ Khalili, Mausu'atu Al-atbatil akl-mukaddsa, 1407 BC, juzu'i na 8, shafi na 197.
  13. ↑ Dinori, Akhbar al-Twal, 1371 AH, shafi na 298.
  14. ↑ Baladhari, Ansab al-Ashraf, 1977 miladiyya, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 157-158;
  15. ↑ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, 1967, juzu'i na 5, shafi na 381.
  16. ↑ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, 1967, juzu'i na 5, shafi 401.
  17. ↑ Muqram, Maktal al-Hussein (AS), 1426H, shafi na 192.
  18. ↑ Tabari, Tarikh Al'umam wa Al-Muluk, 1967, juzu'i na 5, shafi na 417; Sheikh Mofid, Al-Arshad, 1399 Hijira, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 91.
  19. ↑ Mofid, Al-Irshad, 2008, shafi na 523-509.
  20. ↑ Al Tomeh, Miras Karbala, 1373, shafi na 31 da 32.
  21. ↑ Ibn Athir, al-kamal fi al-tarikh, 1386 AH, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 178.
  22. ↑ Tabari, Tarikh Tabari, 1403 AH, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 456 da 457.
  23. ↑ Fitowar Al-Sadr,Nazahatul Ahlul-Haramain fi imarati Al-Mashhadain, 2004 AH, 21, 23 da 26.
  24. ↑ Ansari, Imaratu Karbala, 2005, shafi na 95.
  25. ↑ Kalidar, Tarikh Karbala Al-Mu’ali, 1349 BC, shafi na 19; Ansari, The Architecture of Karbala, 2005 miladiyya, shafi na 96.
  26. ↑ Al Touma, Mirasu Karbala, 1373H, shafi na 32 da 33.
  27. ↑ Gaba ɗaya, “Nagahi No Beh Giryan Ashura”, 1387 AH, shafi 420-421.
  28. ↑ Ansari, Imaratu Karbala; 2005 AD, shafi na 96 da 97.
  29. ↑ Sayyid Kobari, Hauzahaye Iolmiyyeh shi'eh Jahan, 1378, shafi na 256.
  30. ↑ Amin, Dayiratul Al-marif Al-islamiyya, 1413 BC, juzu'i na 11, shafi na 356.
  31. ↑ Ansari, Imaratu Karbala, 2005 miladiyya, shafi na 99.
  32. ↑ Mousavi Zanjani, Jaulatu fi AAmakin mukaddasa, 1405 AH, shafi 83.
  33. ↑ Ansari, Imaratu Karbala, 2005, shafi na 61-70.
  34. ↑ . John punnett: Nippuar or Explorations and Avcentures on the Euphrates 1880 - 1890, page: 331, Volume II - second compaign 1897.peters
  35. ↑ Esfahani, Muqatil al-Talbeyin, Dar al-Marafa, shafi na 118.
  36. ↑ Ibn Qolwieh, Kamel al-Ziyarat, 1356, shafi na 173.
  37. ↑ Sheikh Mufid, Kitab al-Mazar, 1413 AH, shafi na 53.
  38. ↑ Ibn Quluyeh, Kamel al-Ziyarat, 1356, shafi na 181.
  39. ↑ «به مناسبت عاشورای حسینی؛ ۳ میلیون زائر در کربلای معلی»، خبرگزاری مهر؛ «تعداد زائران امام حسین(ع) از مرز ۲۶ میلیون نفر گذشت»، خبرگزاری تسنیم.
  40. ↑ Misali, Fallahzadeh, Ahkam Fikihi Safre ziyarati Atbat, Markazul tahkikat Hajji, shafi na 14, 17, 18 da 36.
  41. ↑ Al Tomeh, Karbala wa haramhaye mutahhar, 2008, shafi na 95 da 94.
  42. ↑ «کربلا بدون حرم و زیارت حضرت ابوالفضل(ع)، کربلا نمی‌شود»، پایگاه اینترنتی عصر شیعه.؛ «زیارت حرم حضرت عباس(ع)».
  43. ↑ «حرم حضرت ابوالفضل(ع) در روز تاسوعا»، خبرگزاری ایسنا.
  44. ↑ «حرم حضرت ابوالفضل(ع) در روز تاسوعا»، خبرگزاری ایسنا.
  45. ↑ Qommi, Amakin ziyarati wasiyahati dar Irak, 1380 AH, shafi na 45-54.
  46. ↑ Al Touma, Mirasu Karbala, 1435 BC, shafi na 116-121.
  47. ↑ آل طعمة، تراث کربلا، ۱۴۳۵ق، ص۱۲۵-۱۳۲؛«گزارش یک کشتار؛ روایتی مستند از قتل‌عام ۱۰ هزار نفری شیعیان در حمله به کربلا»، خبرگزاری تسنیم.
  48. ↑ Zamizm, Karbala wa Harkatul wataniyya fi karnil ishirin, 1436H, shafi na 63-95.
  49. ↑ Tabaraian, Intifada Shabaniyah, 1391, shafi na 230.
  50. ↑ «ماجرای انتفاضه شعبانیه چیست؟»، پایگاه خبری فردا.
  51. ↑ «حضور تانک‌های آمریکایی در کربلا»، آژانس عکس خبری gettyimages
  52. ↑ «درگیری نیروهای آمریكایی با شبه‌نظامیان ارتش مهدی در کربلا»، خبرگزاری ایسنا.
  53. ↑ «آمریکا چگونه القاعده‌ای‌ها را تکفیری کرد؟/ افسر اطلاعاتی رژیم بعث چگونه داعش را بوجود آورد؟»، پایگاه خبری مشرق.
  54. ↑ «یادداشت‌های یک ایرانی از عاشورای خونین در کربلا»، پایگاه اینترنتی شبکه بی‌بی‌سی.
  55. ↑ «رفتارشناسی سیاسی حوزه کربلا در قرن اخیر»، پایگاه اینترنتی مباحثات.
  56. ↑ Zamizm, Karbala wa harkatul wataniyuya fi karni ishirin, 1436H, shafi na 10-16.
  57. ↑ Zamizm, Karbala wa harkatul wataniyuya fi karni ishirin, 1436H, shafi na-63
  58. ↑ Zamizm, Karbala wa harkatul wataniyuya fi karni ishirin, 1436H, shafi na 29-30
  59. ↑ Abu Zaid Ameli, Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr: Al-Sirah wa Al-Masirah fi haka'iq wa wasa'iq, 1427-1428 AH, Mujalladi na 1, shafi na 240-242
  60. ↑ Momen, Sanawat jamar: Almasiratul Harkatil Al-islamiyya fi Irak, 1957-1986, 2004, shafi na 35, 169, 200, 255 da 256.
  61. ↑ Zamizm, Karbala wa harkatul wataniyuya fi karni ishirin, 1436H, shafi 33
  62. ↑ Zamizm, Karbala wa harkatul wataniyuya fi karni ishirin, 1436H, shafi 37-39
  63. ↑ Zamizm, Karbala wa harkatul wataniyuya fi karni ishirin, 1436H, shafi45-46
  64. ↑ «داستان دسته طویریج چیست؟»، پایگاه اینترنتی وارث.
  65. ↑ Tusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, 1407 AH, juzu'i na 6, shafi na 52.
  66. ↑ «چرا پیاده‌روی اربعین ثواب دارد»، خبرگزاری ایسنا.
  67. ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, 1403 BC, juzu'i na 98, shafi na 128 da 132
  68. ↑ «ساخت مهر، تسبیح و انگشتری‌های عقیق در شهرهای مذهبی»، پایگاه اینترنتی روزنامه صنعت.
  69. ↑ «فضیلت تربت امام حسین(ع) و آداب استفاده از آن»، پایگاه اطلاع‌رسانی آیت‌الله مکارم شیرازی.
  70. ↑ Navini, Azwa Ala Ma'alim mahafazatu Karbala, 1391H, shafi na 83.
  71. ↑ “Al-Husseiniyah Al-Haidariyya (Al-Tahraniyyah Sabika),” Holy Karbala Network.
  72. ↑ Al Touma, Mirasu Karbala, 1435 BC, shafi na 391-393.
  73. ↑ «الحسینیات»، شبکة کربلا المقدسة.
  74. ↑ «مسیر نجف - کربلا، جاده حسینیه‌ها»، پایگاه اینترنتی جام‌جم‌آنلاین؛ «حسینیه قزوینی‌ها در کربلا ساخته می‌شود»، سایت خبری تی‌نیوز.
  75. ↑ «مسرح "التعزیة"، أحد طقوس عاشوراء»، پایگاه اینترنتی رصیف.
  76. ↑ لطیف، «فصول من تاریخ المسرح العراقی؛ کربلاء و تشابیه المقتل و التعازی الحسینیة فی عاشوراء»، پایگاه اینترنتی الحوار المتمدن.
  77. ↑ «الطاغیة صدام و محاربة الشعائر الحسینیة»، پایگاه اینترنتی النبأ المعلوماتیة.
  78. ↑ Al Touma, Mirasul Karbala, 1435 BC, shafi na 456-460.
  79. ↑ «نویسنده‌ای که کربلا را مثل کف دستش می‌شناسد»، پایگاه خبری مشرق‌نیوز.
  80. ↑ Sayyid Kabari, Hauzahaye ilmiyyeh shi'eh gustare jahan, 1378, shafi na 256.
  81. ↑ Sayyid Kabari, Hauzahaye ilmiyyeh shi'eh gustare jahan, 1378, shafi na 256
  82. ↑ Baktchi,hauza ilmiyya, shafi na 475
  83. ↑ «بررسی جمعیت‌شناختی علمای نجف و کربلا»، پایگاه اینترنتی مباحثات.
  84. ↑ «بررسی جمعیت‌شناختی علمای نجف و کربلا»، پایگاه اینترنتی مباحثات.
  85. ↑ «رفتارشناسی سیاسی حوزه کربلا در قرن اخیر».، پایگاه اینترنتی مباحثات.؛ «بررسی جمعیت‌شناختی علمای نجف و کربلا»، پایگاه اینترنتی مباحثات.
  86. ↑ Nasari, Mimari Karbala dar guzare tarikh, 1389, shafi na 161-169.
  87. ↑ Al Tomeh, MIrasu Karbala, 1435 AH, shafi 414.
  88. ↑ Al Tomeh, Mirasu Karbala, 1435 AH, shafi na 313-315.
  89. ↑ «دانشکده علوم اسلامی دانشگاه اهل‌بیت کربلا»، پایگاه ایننترنتی دانشگاه؛ «مرکز کربلاء للدراسات و البحوث»، پایگاه اینترنتی مرکز پژوهش‌های آستان امام حسین(ع)؛ «دانشکده علوم اسلامی کربلاء»، پایگاه اینترنتی دانشگاه کربلا.
  90. ↑ Al Tomeh, MIrasu Karbala, 1435 AH, shafi na 306-308.
  91. ↑ Al Tomeh, MIrasu Karbala, 1435 AH, shafi na 313-315.
  92. ↑ بررسی جمعیت‌شناختی علمای نجف و کربلا، پایگاه اینترنتی مباحثات.
  93. ↑ Al Tomeh, Mirasul Karbala, 1435 Hijira, shafi na 295-363.
  94. ↑ «زندگینامه دکتر علی‌اکبر صالحی»، پایگاه اینترنتی سازمان انرژی اتمی.؛«آشنایی با نوری مالکی»، پایگاه اینترنتی شبکه الکوثر.؛«زندگینامه ابراهیم جعفری وزیر خارجه عراق»، خبرگزاری تسنیم.
  95. ↑ Naderidoost, Shi'a Iraki, 2006, shafi 101-103
  96. ↑ Naderidoost, Shi'a Iraq, 1386H, shafi na 59.
  97. ↑ «سرکنسول ایران در کربلا: مفاد خواهرخواندگی قزوین و کربلا را عملیاتی کنید»، خبرگزاری مهر.
  98. ↑ https://ketab.ir/book/3b99c21a-64a5-4874-aefd-6d6ad7e99cba

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