Zaman Makoki

Daga wikishia

Zaman makoki (Larabci: العزاء) al'ada ce da ake yiwa mamaci bayan mutuwa, kuma wannan al'ada ce wacce ta daɗe ana yi shekaru da yawaa,kuma ana yinta ne domin wanzar da tinawa da makusanta da malamai.

Bisa abin da ya zo a litattafai na tarihi shi zaman makoki an fara shi tin daga zamanin Annabi (S.A.W), kuma tin daga wannan lokaci har yau ake aiwatar da shi a ƙasashan musulinci ta hanyoyi daban-daban, daga cikin akwai sadakar uku, sadakar bakwai da kuma kwana Arba'in.

Kuma bisa ra'ayin malaman Fiƙihun shi'a, zaman makoki ya halatta da yin kuka da ɗaga murya yayin da mutum ya mutu, amma wasu daga cikin malamai na Ahlus-sunna suma sun halatta yin kuka ga mamaci, amma banda ɗaga murya yayin da makusanci ya mutu.

Mafi yawancin zaman makoki na Shi'a na addini ana yin shi ne domin wanzar da tunawa da manyan mutane waɗanda suka bada gudunmawa sosai a addini, kamar Annabi(S.A.W) masammama Imam Husaini (A.S), a daidai lokacin da wasu malamai na ahlus-sunna suke ganin irin wannan zaman makokin da Shi'a suke yi Bidi'a ce kuma haramin ne, amma duk da haka wasu daga cikin su ahlus-sunna suna tarayya da shi'a a zaman makokin da Shi'a suke yi tin da daɗewa har zuwa yau ɗinnan.

Ta'aziyya Da Kuma Tunawa Da Mamata

Ta'aziyya Shi zaman makoki ana amfani da kalmar da kan duk wani zaman makoki da ake yi domin tunawa da mamaci[1] kazalika anayin shi ga rashi na duk wani mutum ko kuma manyan mutane a addini.[2]

Hotan bugun jiki da sarkoki da shi'a suke yi cikin zaman makoki na addini

Tarihin Zaman Makoki

Al'adar zaman makoki ta yaɗu a cikin al'umma daban-daban a duniya.[3] kamar yadda ya zo cikin littafi mai tsarki (Bible) game da zaman makokin Bani Isra'il a kan mamatansu.[4] amma al'adar zaman makoki a musulinci bisa litattafai na tarihi ya samo asali ne tin daga lokacin Annabi (S.A.W) kamar yadda Ibn Kasir wanda shi ɗaya ne daga cikin malaman tarihi na ƙarni na takwas bayan hajira, lokacin da ya anbaci cewa bayan yaƙin Uhud mata a Madina sun kasance suna kuka kan mazansu, yayin da Annabi yaga yanayin da suke ciki na kuka, sai ya kada baki ya ce, amma Hamza bashi da waɗanda za su yi mishi kuka, nan take sai mata suka shiryawa Hamza zaman makoki.[5]

Zaman Makoki A Cikin Al'ummu

Zaman makoki ga mamata yana da salo daban-daban a cikin al'umma saboda al'adu mabanbanta: misali a Iran suna yin addu'ar uku a dare na uku ga mutuwa da dare na bakwai da dare na arba'in bayan rasuwa.[6] Amma a Tajikistan suna yin addu'a ne a rana ta ashirin da ta arba'in da kuma cukun shekara[7] amma a Indiya suna yin addu'a a rana ta uku gurin kabarin mamaci.[8] kamar yadda akwai al'ada daban daban kan zaman makoki a ƙasar Azarbaijan da wasu ƙasashan larabawa kamar Misra da Iraƙi.[9]

Hukuncin Zaman Makoki Kan Mamata A Shari'a

Bisa fatawar malaman fiƙihu na Shi'a ya halitta a ayi kuka da ɗaga murya ga mamata.[10] Kamar yadda Sahibul Jawahir ya tafi kan cewa akwai hadisan da suka ƙarfafa kuka da ɗaga murya kan mamata, daga cikin hadisan akwai hadisan suka nuna kukan da baƙin ciki da Annabi(S.A.W) ya yi kan baffanshi Hamza da kuma ɗanshi Ibrahim da kuma hadisan da suke ɗauke da kukan Faɗima (S) kan mai haifinta a lokacin da ya yi wafati,[11] Amma bai halatta ba ayi kuka da baƙin ciki tare da marin fuska da dukan kai da ihu kan wata musibar da ba ta ma'asumai ba, amma hakan ya halatta a musibar Imam Husaini (A.S), kamar yadda wasu suka yi bayani ƙarara cewa wannan abubuwa duk sun halatta a musibar Ahlul-baiti [wato iyalan gida manzo] kai bama haka ba wasu daga cikin fuƙaha suna ganin haka a matsayin ibada.[12]

Imam Sadiƙ (A.S) Ya ce:
“Ya Allah makiyanmu sun caccakie su da cewa sun fita ziyarar kabarin Husaini (a.s) amma hakan bai hana su tashi su ziyarce mu ba, a cikin sabada su ba, don haka ka tausaya wa fuskokin da zafin rana suka canja kalarsu, ka tausayawa kunci da aka aka goga shi kan kabarin Abi Abdullah (A.S), ka tausayawa idanun da ta kwararar da hawaye saboa tausayinmu, ka jikan wadancan zukata da suka gigita suka konu saboda mu, ka jikan wancan ihu da aka yi domin mu.

Source: Al-Majlisi, Bihar Al-Anwar, juzu'i na 101, shafi na 8

Mahangar Ahlus-sunna Kan Zaman Makoki

Bisa maganar malamin fiƙihu ɗan ƙasar Misra Abdur-rahaman Aljaziri yace bai halitta ba ayi kuka da ɗaga murya da ihu kan mamaci, sai dai akwai saɓani tsakanin mazhabobin fiƙihu a tsakanin Alus-sunna, sabo da Malikiya da Hanafiyya sun haramta, a daidai lokacin da Shafi'iiya da Hanbaliyya suka halasta.[13]

Zaman Makoki Na Addini

Ku duba: Zaman Makokin Husaini (A.S)

Akwai wani yanayi na zaman makoki da yake ɗauke da yanayi na addini, kuma ƴan shi'a suna bashi muhimmaci, sabo da suna zaman makoki kan manyan mutane a cikin addini kamar Annabi (S.A.W) da kuma Faɗima (S) da duk sauran Imamai na Ahlulbaiti masamman a watan Mhaharram na Imam Husaini (A.S).[14]

ƴan shi'a suna zaman makoki na addini ta hanya daban da sauran mutane, kamar yin kuka da ɗaga murya.[15] da kuma dukan ƙirji da kuka hadda ɗaga murya,[16] da kuma dukan jiki da sarƙa.[17]

Haƙiƙa mamalaman shi'a sun rubuta litattafai da yawa da kuma bincike kan halascin zaman makoki da da kuma bada kariya ga reshi,daga cikin litattafan da suka rubuta akwai Iƙna'illa'im ala Iƙamatil Ma;atim na Sayyid Muhsin Al'amini.[18] Haƙiƙa malaman Ahlussunna masamma ma Hanabila cewa irin zama makoki da shi'a sukeyi Bidi'ane kuma haramin ne.[19] amma duk da haka bisa abin da ya zo a tarihi cewa wasu daga cikin Ahlus-sunna masamman Shafi'iyya kazalika malaman Shafiyya da hanafiyya sun kasance suna tarayya a zaman makoki na ƴan Shi'a.[20]

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Anuri, Farhank Bezrak Sokhon, 2013, juzu'i na 5, ƙarƙashin kalmar "makoki".
  2. ↑ باقی، «عزاداری».
  3. ↑ باقی، «عزاداری».
  4. ↑ Al-Bahrami, “Tarhim, Majlis”, shafi na 108.
  5. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Al-bidaya wa Al-nihaya, 1408H, Juzu’i na 4, shafi na 55.
  6. ↑ Farhangi wa Munfarid, “Tarhim, Majlis,” shafi na 103
  7. ↑ Farhangi wa Munfarid, “Tarhim, Majlis,” shafi na 103
  8. ↑ Al-Bahrami, “Tarhim, Majlis,” shafi na 110.
  9. ↑ Farhangi wa Munfarid, “Tarhim, Majlis,” shafi na 104, 105.
  10. ↑ Tabatabai Yazdi, Al-Urwah Al-Wuthqa, 1419 AH, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 130-131; Al-Najafi, Jawahir al-Kalam, 1404 AH, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 264-265.
  11. ↑ Al-Najafi, Jawahir al-Kalam, 1404 AH, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 264-265.
  12. ↑ Al-Tabrizi, Siratul Najat, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 434. Al-Najafi, Jawahir al-Kalam, 1362 AH, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 371.
  13. ↑ Al-Jaziri, Fikihu Ala mazahibul arba'a , juzu'i na 1, 1424, shafi na 484.
  14. ↑ Al-Mazhari, “Azadari”, shafi na 345.
  15. ↑ Malamin Hadisi, Farhang Ashoura, 1380H, shafi 441.
  16. ↑ Al-Muhaddithi, Farhang Ashoura, 1380H, shafi na 256.
  17. ↑ Al-Muhaddithi, Farhang Ashoura, 1380 AH, shafi na 214 / shafi na 338.
  18. ↑ Al-Mazhari, “Azadari”, shafi na 346.
  19. ↑ Al-Mazhari, “Azadari”, shafi na 346.
  20. ↑ Al-Mazhari, “Azadari”, shafi na 347.

Nassoshi

  • Ibn Kathir, Ismail bin Omar, Al-bidaya wa Al-nihaya, bugun farko, 1408H.
  • Al-Anwari, Hassan da Dikran, Farhang Bozorg Sakhn, Tehran, Cibiyar Buga Ilimin Kimiyya, bugu na bakwai, 1390H.
  • Al-Bahrami, Askar, “Tarhim, Majlis”, fi Dayrat al-Ma’arifBozorg Islami, juzu’i na 15, The Great Islamic Encyclopedia Center, bugu na farko, 1387H.
  • Al-Jaziri, Abdul Rahman bin Muhammad Awad, Fikihu Ala Mazahibul arbaa, Beirut, Darul Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, bugu na biyu, 1424H.
  • Farhangi, Sawsan wa Afsaneh Monfared, "Tarhim, Majlis" a cikin "Danshnameh Jahan Islam", Tehran, Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation, juzu'i na 7, bugu na farko, 1382 AH.
  • Al-Tabatabai Al-Yazdi, Muhammad Kazem, Al-Urwa Al-Wuthqa, Holy Qum, Islamic Publishing Foundation, bugu na farko, 1419H.
  • Al-Mazhari, Mohsen Hossam, Azadaridar Farhang Sauge shi'i, Tehran, Khaima, bugun farko, 1395H.
  • Al-Najafi, Muhammad Hassan, Jawahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Shara’i al-Islam, Beirut, Dar Revival of Arab Heritage, bugu na bakwai, 1404H.
  • باقی، عمادالدین، «عزاداری»، الموقع الإلكتروني لمركز الموسوعة الإسلامية الكبرى، تاریخ الإدراج: 8 اردیبهشت 1399، تاريخ المراجعة: 5 تیر 1401.
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