Daƙiƙa:Mustad'af Fikri
Mustad'af Fikri shi ne mutumin da ba shi da isasshen ƙarfin tunani don gane gaskiya daga ƙarya, ko kuma bai samu damar isa ga Addinin Musulunci ba; amma idan aka gabatar masa da gaskiya, zai karɓe ta.
Mustad'af fikri yana kishiyantar mustad'af amali; wato mutumin da ya san Musulunci, amma yanayin muhallinsa bai ba shi damar aikata shi ba.
A cikin Alƙur'ani akwai bayanai game da mustad'af, kuma a cewar masu tafsiri, abin nufi da wasu daga cikinsu shi ne mustad'af fikri. Haka kuma a cikin ruwayoyi an yi magana a kan mustad'af fikri, an kuma bayyana sharuɗansa. Wasu suna ɗaukar mustad'af fikri da jahili mai uzuri (jahil ƙasir) a matsayin abu guda.
Game da makomar mustad'af fikri a lahira, akwai ra'ayoyi guda uku:
zai shiga wuta, ba za a hukunta shi ba,
Game da batun mustad'af fikri, ba a rubuta wani maƙala ko littafi mai zaman kansa kai tsaye a kansa ba; sai dai an yi bayani a kansa a warwatse'cikin wasu 'littattafan tafsiri da kuma cikin wasu maƙaloli.
Bayanin Ma'ana
A cikin adabin addini, mustad'af fikri ana kiran sa ga mutumin da, saboda raunin fahimta ko ƙarancin ƙarfin tunani, ko kuma saboda rashin samun damar isa ga addinin Musulunci, ba zai iya bambance gaskiya da ƙarya ba, kuma ba zai iya sanin ma'arifan addini yadda ya kamata ba;[1] amma idan aka gabatar masa da gaskiya, ba zai ƙi karɓarta ba.[2]
Mustad'af fikri yana kishiyantar mustad'af amali; wato mutumin da ya gane gaskiya, amma takurawar muhalli ko danniyar yanayi ba ta ba shi damar yin aiki da ita ba.[3] Kamar yadda wasu masu bincike suka ruwaito, wani lokaci ana amfani da mustad'af fikri da jahili mai uzuri (jahil ƙasir) da ma'ana ɗaya.[4]
Matsayinsa
A wasu ayoyin Alƙur'ani, an ambaci "mustad'af" kuma masu tafsiri sun ɗauki wasu daga cikin amfani da kalmar a matsayin nuni da mustad'af fikri.[5] A cikin ruwayoyi kuwa, an fi yin ishara ne ga mustad'af fikri. Misali, a wata ruwaya daga Imam Kazim (A.S) ya zo cewa mustad'af shi ne mutumin da ba a kafa masa hujja da dalili ba, kuma bai fahimci ko san saɓanin da ke cikin al'amuran addini da mazhaba ba; amma idan ya samu labarin akwai irin waɗannan saɓanai, to ba ya zama mustad'af kuma.[6]
Allama Majlisi ma, a cikin littafinsa Bihar Al-Anwar, a babin "Al-Mustad'afin wa al-Murjauna li Amrillah" ya yi bayani kan ruwayoyi 37 da suka shafi mustad'af.[7]
Su wa Ake Ɗauka A Matsayin "Mustad'af Fikri"?
Shaik Saduƙ ya lissafa nau'ukan mutane guda uku a matsayin waɗanda suka cancanci lakabin mustad'af fikri:
- Mutanen da aka haifa ba tare da baiwar hankali ba (masu taɓin hankali na haihuwa) kuma suka rayu a haka har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsu.[8]
- Yaran da suke da hankali, amma suka rasu kafin su kai matakin da za su iya bambance gaskiya da ƙarya.
- Mutanen da suke da hankali, amma a lokacin da Manzo ya zo ko aka yi kiran Allah, sun riga sun rasa ƙarfin fahimta saboda tsufa.[9]
A ra'ayin wasu masu bincike, mutanen da suke da hankali, amma saboda wasu dalilai kamar yanayin muhalli da farfaganda, kalmar gaskiya ba ta isa kunnuwarsu ba, su ma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mustad'af fikri.[10]
Jafar Subhani, ɗaya daga cikin malaman tauhidi (mutakallimun) na Shi'a, ya bayyana misalan mustad'af fikri a gida huɗu:
- Wanda aka haifa a ƙasar da ba ta da damar koyon addini.
- .Wanda yake rayuwa a ƙasar da ba zai iya sauke nauyin da ya rataya a kansa ba saboda rashin malami (faƙihu) masani.
- Wanda aka yi masa tarbiyya a cikin iyalin da yake ganin addinin magadansa ba shi da wani aibi.
- Wanda yake da nakasa ta fuskar tunani.[11]
Makomar Mustad'af A Lahira
Akwai saɓani a tsakanin malamai game da yadda Allah zai yi da mustad'af fikri a ranar alƙiyama. Akwai ra'ayoyi guda uku a kan haka:
- Wasu malaman tauhidi na Shi'a sun yi amanna cewa mustad'af fikri zai shiga wuta a ranar ƙiyama.[12]
- Wasu masu tafsiri da malaman tauhidi kuwa, suna duba ayoyi na 98 da 99 na Suratu Nisa'i da kuma ruwayoyin da suka zo daga Imamai (A.S),[13] sun tafi a kan cewa su ma'abuta tsira ne (za su tsira).[14] Har ma suna cewa idan har mustad'af fikri ya sauke nauyin da ya rataya a kansa bisa tsarin addininsa da kuma ikhlasi, to baya ga rashin shiga wuta, zai ma cancanci samun lada.[15]
- Wani rukunin kuma suna ganin cewa Allah ba zai yi musu azaba ba, amma kuma ba zai ba su lada ba; domin kuwa ana bayar da lada ne a madadin aikata farilla, kuma hukuncin wannan rukunin yana ga kyakkyawan nufi da falalar Ubangiji.[16]
Murtada Muɗahhari, malamin tauhidi na Shi'a, ya yi nuni da ra'ayoyi biyu na wuce gona da iri (tafrit da ifrat) game da batun mustad'af fikri, inda ya ce duka biyun sun saɓa wa mahangar Alƙur'ani:[17] A ra'ayin "tafriɗ" (taƙaitawa), ayyukan Shi'a kawai ake karɓa, kuma ayyukan mustad'af fikri a banza suke.[18] Rashin yarda da "Imamanci" shi ne babban dalilin masu wannan ra'ayin na kin karɓar ayyukan mustad'af. Amma a ra'ayin "ifrat" (wuce gona da iri), idan har aikin mustad'af fikri na kwarai ne kuma mai kyau, to zai samu lada, walau mai aikin ya yi imani da Musulunci ko mazhabar Imamiayya ko bai yi ba.[19] Muɗahhari ya yi amanna cewa ayyukan mustad'af fikri ana karɓarsu matukar ba sa yin hakan don taurin kai ko musun gaskiya.[20]
Batutuwa Masu Alaƙa
Bayanin kula
- ↑ Makarim Shirazi, Tafsir Namuna, jildi na 4, shafi na 87.
- ↑ Ɗabaɗaba'i, Almizan, jildi na 5, shafi na 51.
- ↑ Makarim Shirazi, Tafsir Namuna, jildi na 16, shafi na 20.
- ↑ Soroush da Haidari, Istikbar wa Istid'af dar Qur'an, jildi na 1, shafi na 33.
- ↑ Ɗabaɗaba'i, Almizan, jildi na 5, shafuffuka na 50–52.
- ↑ Kulaini, Al-Kafi, jildi na 2, shafi na 406.
- ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, jildi na 69, shafuffuka na 157–171.
- ↑ Shaik Saduƙ, At-Tauhid, shafi na 393.
- ↑ Shaik Saduƙ, Ma'anil Akhbar, shafi na 408.
- ↑ Yusufi Zada, «Wad'iyyate Mustad'afane Fikri dar Ƙiyamat,» shafi na 58.
- ↑ Subhani, Madkhal Masa'il Jadid dar 'Ilme Kalam, jildi na 2, shafi na 320.
- ↑ Azizan, «Pluralisme Nejat dar Andisheh-ye Islami,"» shafi na 4; Khomaini, Anwarul Hidaya, jildi na 2, shafi na 412.
- ↑ Kulaini, Al-Kafi, jildi na 2, shafuffuka na 404–407.
- ↑ Majlisi, Mir'atul Uƙul, jildi na 11, shafi na 203; Ɗabaɗaba'i, Almizan, jildi na 5, shafuffuka na 50–51; Muɗahhari, Adle Ilahi, shafi na 289.
- ↑ Dadju, «Ma'zuriyyat ya Istihƙaƙe Padashe Peyrawane Jahele Ƙasere Adyane Digar, » shafi na 110.
- ↑ Shaik Ɗusi, At-Tibyan fi Tafsiril Qur'an, jildi na 3, shafi na 303; Ɗabaɗaba'i,Almizan, jildi na 5, shafi na 52; Jawadi Amoli, Tafsire Tasnim, jildi na 20, shafi na 241.
- ↑ Muɗahhari, Adle Ilahi, shafuffuka na 243–316."
- ↑ Muɗahhari, Adle Ilahi, shafuffuka na 243–316.
- ↑ Muɗahhari, Adle Ilahi,, shafuffuka na 243–316.
- ↑ Muɗahhari, Adle Ilahi, shafuffuka na 243–316.
Nassoshi
- Imam Khomaini, Sayyid Ruhullah,Anwarul Hidaya, Tehran, Cibiyar Tanzim Wa Nashre Asare Imam, 1372Sh.
- Jawadi Amoli, Abdullah, Tafsire Tasnim Qom, Cibiyar Isra, 1389Sh.
- Kulaini, Muhammad Bin Yaƙub, Al-Kafi, bincike Ali Akbar Gaffari da Muhammad Akhundi, Tehran, Darul Kutibil Islamiyya, bugu na hudu, 1407H.
- Majlisi, Muhammad Baƙir, Bihar al-Anwar, Darul Ihya' Turas, 1983M.
- Majlisi, Muhammad Baƙir, Mir'atul Uƙul, Tehran, Darul Kutibil Islamiyya, 1363Sh.
- Makarim Shirazi, Nasir, Tafsir Namuna, Tehran, Darul Kutubil Islamiyya, 1374Sh.
- Muɗahhari, Murtadha,Adle Ilahi, Tehran, Wallafar Sadra, 1391Sh.
- Subhani, Madkhal Masa'il Jadid dar 'Ilme Kalam, Kitabekhune Digital, 1382Sh.
- Shaik Saduƙ, Muhammad Bin Ali, At-Tauhid, Qum, Jami'e Mudarrisin, 1398H.
- Shaik Saduk, Muhammad bn Ali, Ma'anilAkhbar, Qum, Jami'e Mudarrisin, 1403H.
- Shaik Ɗusi, Muhammad Bin Hassan, At-Tibyan fi Tafsiril Qur'an, Ihya' Turasil Arabi, ba tare da shekara ba.
- Suroush, Muhammad da Ahmad Haidari, Istikbar wa Istid'af dar Qur'an, Qum, Sepahe Pasidarane Inƙilabe Islami, ba tare da shekara ba.
- Ɗabaɗaba'i, Sayyid Muhammad Husain, Almizan fi Tafsiril Qur'an, Qum, Wallafe-wallafen Isma'iliyan, 1363Sh.
- Azizan, Mahadi، «پلورالیزم نجات در اندیشه اسلامی»، (Pluralism na tsira a tunanin Musulunci.), a cikin mujallar wata uku-uku ta Ma'rifat, lamba ta 121, Disamba 2007 / Janairu 2008M.
- Yusufi Zada, Muhammad Ali da Qasim Jawadi,«وضـعیت مستضعفان فکری در قیامت»، (Matsayin mustad'afan fikri a ranar ƙiyama.), a cikin mujallar wata uku-uku ta Ma'rifat, lamba ta 217, Disamba 2015 / Janairu 2016M.
- Dadju Yadullah, «معذوریت یا استحقاق پاداش پیروان جاهل قاصر ادیان دیگر»، (Uzuri ko cancantar lada ga mabiya sauran addinai waɗanda jahilai ne amma masu uzuri.), a cikin mujallar Andisha-ye Nowin-e Dini (Sabon Tunanin Addini), lamba ta 43, 2015M.