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Daƙiƙa:Surorin Da Aka Saukar A Makka Da Madina

Ƙara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga wikishia

Surorin Makka da Madina suna nufin rarraba surorin Alƙur'ani bisa la'akari da lokacin da suka sauka, wato ko kafin hijirar Annabi (S.A.W) zuwa Madina ne ko kuma bayan hijirar.

Sanin surorin Makka da Madina yana da muhimmanci a tafsiri, fiƙihu da ilimin aƙida, domin ta wannan hanya ana iya fahimtar matakan da'awar Annabi da yadda al'amuran siyasa da zamantakewar farkon Musulunci suka gudana. Haka kuma, yana taimakawa wajen gane ayoyin nasikh da mansukh, fahimtar ci gaban shari'a da dokokin Musulunci, da kuma sanin dalilan saukar ayoyin Alƙur'ani.

Masana Alƙur'ani sun bayyana cewa a wasu surorin Makka akwai ayoyin Madina, haka nan a wasu surorin Madina akwai ayoyin Makka. Wadannan ayoyi ana kiran su "ayoyin keɓantattu" (ayat istithna'iyya). Bisa ra'ayinsu, a Alƙur'ani akwai kusan surori 20 tabbatattu na Madina, da surori 82 na Makka, yayin da game da sauran surori 12 akwai sabani a tsakanin malamai.

Salo da tsarin surorin Makka da Madina sun bambanta, kuma ana ganin wannan shi ne hanya mafi kyau wajen bambance su. Daga cikin siffofin surorin Makka akwai: kira zuwa ga tushen imani, gajerun surori da ayoyi, da salo mai ƙarfi da tsauri. Amma surorin Madina suna da siffofi kamar: bayanin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, magana kan munafukai, da kuma bayanin jihadi da dokokinsa.

Saboda muhimmancin sanin surorin Makka da Madina, har ma masu binciken yammacin duniya (Orientalists) sun mayar da hankali kansa, amma sun bi hanyoyi daban da na malaman Musulmi wajen bincike da rarrabewa.

Muhimmancin Sanin Surorin Makka Da Madina A Ilimomin Musulunci

Sanin surorin Makka da Madina yana da amfani ga masu tafsirin Alƙur'ani wajen fahimtar ma'anonin ayoyi da kuma malamai na fiƙihu wajen fitar da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a,[1] da kuma ga malamai ilimin aƙida wajen tabbatarwa ko ƙaryata wasu batutuwan aƙida.[2] Hakan kuwa saboda sanin ko sura Makkiyya ce ko Madaniyya yana taimakawa wajen gano lokacin faruwar abubuwa da kuma lokacin da aka shar'anta wasu hukunce-hukuncen Musulunci.[3]

An ruwaito daga wasu masana ilimomin Alƙur'ani cewa duk wanda bai san surorin Makka da Madina ba kuma ba zai iya bambance su ba, bai kamata ya shiga fassarar Alƙur'ani ba.[4]

Muhammad Husain Ɗabaɗaba'i, marubucin tafsirin Al-Mizan, ya yi imanin cewa sanin surorin Makka da Madina, da kuma sanin tsarin saukarsu, yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fahimtar da'awar Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W), yanayin rayuwarsa ta ruhaniya, siyasa da zamantakewa, da kuma nazarin sirarsa.[5]

Haka kuma, daga cikin sauran amfanin sanin surorin Makka da Madina akwai: Gano ayoyin nasikh da mansukh;[6] sanin asababul nuzul (dalilan saukar ayoyi);[7] fahimtar yadda Alƙur'ani ya sauka;[8] da kuma gane manufa da jigon kowace sura.[9]

Ma'aunai da Ƙa'idojin Gane Surorin Makka Da Madina

Game da ma'aunin gane ko ayoyi ko surori Makkiyya ne ko Madaniyya, akwai ra'ayoyi uku:

  1. .Ma'aunin lokaci: Duk abin da ya sauka kafin hijirar Annabi (S.A.W) zuwa Madina ana kiransa Makkiyya, kuma duk abin da ya sauka bayan isa Madina ana kiransa Madaniyya. Saboda haka, idan wata sura ko aya ta sauka bayan hijira, za a ɗauke ta a matsayin Madaniyya, ko da kuwa ta sauka ne a Makka ko a wani tafiyi na Annabi (S.A.W), kamar ayoyin da suka sauka lokacin buɗe Makka ko a Hajjin Bankwana.[10]
  2. .Ma'aunin wuri: Duk abin da ya sauka a Makka da kewaye da ita, kamar Mina, Arafat da Hudaibiyya, Makkiyya ne, ko da kuwa bayan hijira ne. Haka kuma, duk abin da ya sauka a Madina da kewaye da ita, kamar Badar da Uhud, Madaniyya ne.[11]
  3. .Ma'aunin masu sauraron wahayi: Wasu malamai sun yi la'akari da waɗanda ake yi wa magana a cikin wahayi, suka ce duk abin da aka yi wa mutanen Makka magana da shi Makkiyya ne, kuma duk abin da aka yi wa mutanen Madina magana da shi Madaniyya ne.[12] A cewarsu, abin da ya fara da "Ya ayyuhan-nas" (Ya ku mutane) Makkiyya ne, yayin da abin da ya fara da "Ya ayyuhallazina amanu" (Ya ku waɗanda kuka yi imani) Madaniyya ne.[13] An danganta wannan ra'ayi ga sahabin Annabi (S.A.W), Abdullahi Bin Mas'ud.[14]

An kuma ce idan wasu ayoyin sura Makkiyya ne, wasu kuma Madaniyya ne, to ana tantance surar ne bisa ga mafi yawan ayoyinta. Misali, ko da yake an ce wasu ayoyin Suratul An'am sun sauka a Madina, amma saboda mafi yawan ayoyinta sun sauka a Makka, ana kiranta sura Makkiyya.[15]

Sai dai wasu malamai suna ganin cewa irin waɗannan surori ana sanya musu suna Makkiyya ko Madaniyya ne bisa la'akari da ayoyin farkonsu.[16]

Ra'ayin Da Ya Fi Shahara

Ma'aunin lokaci shi ne mafi shahara kuma mafi karɓuwa a wajen mafi yawan masu bincike a ilimomin Alƙur'ani.[17] Dalilinsu shi ne cewa wannan ma'auni, saɓanin sauran ma'aunai biyu, ya ƙunshi dukkan ayoyin Alƙur'ani.[18]

Amma ma'aunin wuri ba cikakke ba ne, domin ba ya shafar dukkan ayoyin Alƙur'ani; saboda wasu ayoyi ba su sauka a Makka ko Madina ba, sai dai a wasu wurare masu nisa kamar Tabuk da Baitul Maƙdis (Birnin Kudus).[19]

Haka kuma, ma'aunin masu sauraron wahayi baya da cikakkiyar ƙa'ida. Domin akwai wasu ayoyi da tabbas Madaniyya ne amma suka fara da kalmar "Ya ayyuhan-nas" (Ya ku mutane), sannan akwai wasu ayoyi da tabbas Makkiyya ne amma suka fara da "Ya ayyuhalladhina amanu" (Ya ku waɗanda kuka yi imani).[20]

Ayoyin Keɓantattu (Ayat Istithna'iyya)

A wasu surorin Makka, akwai wasu ayoyi da suka sauka a Madina. Haka kuma, a wasu surorin Madina akwai ayoyin da suka sauka a Makka.[21] A ilimin Alƙur'ani, ana kiran irin waɗannan ayoyi da "ayoyin keɓantattu" (Ayatul Istithna'iyya).[22]

Sai dai wasu masu bincike a ilimomin Alƙur'ani ba su yarda da wannan rarrabuwar ba. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa babu wata sura da take ɗauke da ayoyin keɓantattu; wato a ganinsu, dukkan ayoyin kowace sura ko dai Makkiyya ne gaba ɗaya ko kuma Madaniyya ne gaba ɗaya.[23]

Adadin Surorin Makka Da Madina

An bayyana cewa adadin surorin Madaniyya shi ne 20, yayin da adadin surorin Makkiyya ya kai 82. Game da wasu surori 12 kuwa, akwai sabanin ra'ayi a tsakanin malamai.[24]

Surorin Madina da aka amince da su: Su ne: Baƙara, Alu Imran, Nisa'i, Ma'ida, Anfal, Tauba, Nur, Ahzab, Muhammad, Fathu, Hujurat, Hadid, Mujadala, Hashr, Mumtahina, Jumu'a, Munafiƙun, Ɗalaƙ, Tahrim, da Nasr.[25]

Surorin da ake saɓani a kansu: Su ne: Fatiha, Ra'ad, Rahman, Saffi, Tagabun, Muɗaffifin, Ƙadr, Bayyina, Zalzala, Al-Ikhlaṣ, Al-Falaƙ, da An-Nas.[26]

Sauran dukkan surori ana ɗaukarsu Makkiyya ne.[27] Sai dai a wasu mushahuran Alƙur'anai da ake bugawa, inda ake nuna ko kowace sura Makkiyya ce ko Madaniyya, an nuna cewa akwai surori 28 Madaniyya da surori 86 Makkiyya.[28]

Hanyoyin Gane Surorin Makka Da Madina

Don gane ko sura Makkiyya ce ko Madaniyya, an ambaci hanyoyi uku: Riwayoyi, Shaidu na zahiri, Alamomin ma'ana da abun ciki (muhimminin maudu'i).[29]

Game da riwayoyi, an bayyana cewa sau da yawa suna fuskantar matsaloli kamar raunin isnadi, rashin kasancewa daga ma'asumi, da kuma kasancewar riwayoyi masu saɓani. Saboda haka, idan za a dogara da riwaya, sai an zaɓi wacce aka tabbatar da ingancinta da hujja.[30]

Wasu masana Alƙur'ani sun yi imanin cewa tsarin ayoyi (Siyaƙ), abin da ke cikin sura, da kuma dalilai na waje su ne hanya ɗaya tilo don gane Makkiyya ko Madaniyya.[31] Wasu kuma suna ganin su ne hanya mafi kyau.[32]

Saboda Makka da Madina suna da bambance-bambance sosai kamar yawan kafirai a Makka da kuma kafuwar gwamnatin Musulunci a Madina[33] surorin Makkiyya da Madaniyya suna bambanta a salo da abun ciki.[34]

Duk da haka, an bayyana cewa waɗannan alamomi ba su da cikakken tabbaci, kuma ba sa shafar dukkan ayoyi gaba ɗaya; suna kawai ƙara ƙarfi ga yiwuwar Makkiyya ko Madaniyya.[35] Haka kuma, yana yiwuwa sura ta kasance Makkiyya ko Madaniyya amma wasu ayoyinta su kasance "ayoyi keɓantattu", wato ayoyin da suka bambanta da yanayin sauran surar.[36]

Siffofin Surori Da Ayoyin Makkiyya

An bayyana cewa surori da ayoyin Makkiyya suna da waɗannan siffofi:

Siffofin Surori Da Ayoyin Madaniyya

Siffofin surori da ayoyin Madaniyya sun haɗa da:

Matsayin Masu Nazarin Gabas (Orientalists)

Tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na goma sha uku na Hijira, masu nazarin Gabas irin su Theodor Noldeke da Regis Blachere suka fara aiwatar da tarihin Kur'ani.[53]Wasu daga cikinsu sun rarraba surorin Kur'ani dangane da lokacin saukarwa, ba zuwa kashi biyu na Makki da Madani ba kawai, har ma zuwa kashi uku, huɗu, ko biyar;[54] duk da haka, dukkansu sun sanya surorin Madani a rukuni ɗaya.[55]

Wasu masu nazarin Gabas[56] da kuma masu tunani irin su Ɗaha Husaini, saboda bambancin bayyanar da abubuwan da surorin Makki da Madani suka ƙunsa, sun ɗauka cewa Kur'ani aikin ɗan adam ne ba daga Allah ba; domin Kur'ani (surorin Makki da Madani) ya yi tasiri da yanayin zamani, yayin da idan da daga Allah yake, da ba zai bi yanayin muhallinsa ba.[57]

Muhammad Hadi Ma'arifat, marubucin littafin At-Tamhid, yana amsa wannan suka ta hanyar cewa: wajibi ne a bambanta tsakanin kasancewa mai biyayya ga muhalli da kuma kasancewa mai dacewa da shi domin samun tasiri mafi girma. Wannan sukar da aka ambata tana tasowa ne kawai idan bambancin siffofin surorin Makki da Madani ya samo asali ne daga kasancewarsu masu biyayya ga muhallinsu; alhali Kur'ani ya sauka ne yana tafiya tare da zahirin abubuwan da suke faruwa a Makka da Madina domin ya fi yin tasiri kan mutanen wurin.[58]

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Rukni, Ashna'i ba Ulum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 111.
  2. ↑ Dawlati, Taqsimat-e Qur'ani wa Sur-e Makki wa Madani, shafi na 65.
  3. ↑ Rukni, Ashna'i ba Ulum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 111.
  4. ↑ Bassa al-Misri, Al-'Amid fi 'Ilm al-Tajwid, shafi na 198.
  5. ↑ Tabataba'i, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, juzu'i na 13, shafi na 235.
  6. ↑ Suyuɗi, Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 54.
  7. ↑ Ma'rifat, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 47.
  8. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 602.
  9. ↑ Khamehgar, Sakhtar-e Hendesi-ye Surehaye Qur'an, shafi na 152
  10. ↑ Ma'rifat, At-Tamhid fi Ulum al-Qur'an, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 130.
  11. ↑ Suyuɗi, Al-Itqan fi'Ulum al-Qur'an, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 55.
  12. ↑ Suyuɗi, Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 56.
  13. ↑ Suyuɗi, Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 81.
  14. ↑ Suyuti, Al-Itqan, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 56.
  15. ↑ Dawlati, Taqsimat-e Qur'ani wa Sur-e Makki wa Madani, shafi na 72.
  16. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 613.
  17. ↑ Ma'rifat, At-Tamhid fi Ulum al-Qur'an, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 131.
  18. ↑ Dawlati, Taqsimat-e Qur'ani wa Sur-e Makki wa Madani, shafi na 71.
  19. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 602.
  20. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 602.
  21. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 612–613.
  22. ↑ Ma'rifat, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 62.
  23. ↑ Ma'rifat, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 62; Mir Muhammadi, Tarikh wa Ulume Qur'an, shafi na 311.
  24. ↑ Suyuti, Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 60.
  25. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 610.
  26. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 610.
  27. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 610.
  28. ↑ Rukni, Ashna'i ba Ulum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 111.
  29. ↑ Ma'rifat, Tarikhe Qur'an, shafi na 51.
  30. ↑ Dawlati, Taqsimat-e Qur'ani wa Sur-e Makki wa Madani, shafi na 73.
  31. ↑ Tabataba'i, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, juzu'i na 13, shafi na 235.
  32. ↑ Dawlati, Taqsimat-e Qur'ani wa Sur-e Makki wa Madani, shafi na 74.
  33. ↑ Ahmadi, Pazhuheshi dar Ulum-e Qur'an, shafi na 52–55.
  34. ↑ Ahmadi, Pazhuheshi dar Ulum-e Qur'an, shafi na 62.
  35. ↑ Radmanesh, Ashna'i ba Ulum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 170.
  36. ↑ Radmanesh, Ashna'i ba Ulum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 172.
  37. ↑ "Radmanesh, Ashnayi ba Olum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 171."
  38. ↑ Radmanesh, Ashnayi ba Olum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 171.
  39. ↑ Radmanish, Ashnayi ba Ulum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 171.
  40. ↑ Rukni, Ashnayi ba Olum-e Qur'ani, 1379 SH, shafi na 111.
  41. ↑ Mazlumi, Pazhuheshi Piramun-e Akharin Ketab-e Elahi, Juzu'i na 1, shafi na 188.
  42. ↑ Mazlumi, Pazhuheshi Piramun-e Akharin Ketab-e Elahi, Juzu'i na 1, shafi na 188.
  43. ↑ Mazlumi, Pazhuheshi Piramun-e Akharin Ketab-e Elahi, Juzu'i na 1, shafi na 188.
  44. ↑ Mazlumi, Pazhuheshi Piramun-e Akharin Ketab-e Elah, Juzu'i na 1, shafi na 188.
  45. ↑ Radmanesh, Ashnayi ba Olum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 172.
  46. ↑ Radmanesh, Ashnayi ba Olum-e Qur'ani shafi na 172.
  47. ↑ Radmanesh, Ashnayi ba Olum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 172.
  48. ↑ Rukni, Ashina'i ba ulum Qur'ani, shafi na 111.
  49. ↑ Mazhumi, Pazhuheshi piramun akharin kitab ilahi, juzu'i 1, shafi na 189.
  50. ↑ Ramyar, Tarikh-e Qur'an, shafi na 607.
  51. ↑ Javan arasteh, Darsnameh Ulum Qurʾani, shafi na 132.
  52. ↑ Javan Arasteh, Darsnameh-ye Olum-e Qur'ani, shafi na 132.
  53. ↑ Nekunam, Amadi bar tarikh-guzari Qur'an, shafi na 11.
  54. ↑ Nekunam, Amadi bar tarikh-guzari Qur'an, shafi na 12–21.
  55. ↑ Dahqani da Mahdavi-Rad, Seyr-e Tarikhi-ye Shenakht-e Suwar wa ayat-e Makki wa Madani, shafi na 69.
  56. ↑ Ma'rifat, Tarikh Qur'an, 1382 SH, shafi na 52.
  57. ↑ Abu al-Shubhah, Al-Madkhal li Dirasat al-Qur'an al-Karim, shafi na 233–234.
  58. ↑ Ma'rifat, Tarikh Qur'an, shafi na 52.

Nassoshi

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