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Daƙiƙa:Ijtihadi A Gaban Nassi

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Wannan wata maƙala ce game da ma'anar ijtihadi a gaban nassi. Domin sanin littafi da yake da irin wannan take da suna ku duba: An-Nassu Wal -Ijtihad (Littafi).

Ijtihadi a gaban nassi, (Larabci: الاجتهاد في مقابل النص) yana nufin gabatar da ra'ayin wani mujtahidi a kan bayyanannen nassin Kur'ani ko maganar ma'asumai. A mahangar malaman fiƙihu na Shi'a da aksarin malaman Ahlus-Sunna gabatar da ijtihadi gaban nassi, aiki ne na bidi'a. Na'am ba'arin sahabbai da wasu adadi daga malaman fiƙihu na Ahlus-Sunna, sun gabatar da ra'ayi a gaban nassi, misali Umar Bin Khaɗɗab ya shelanta haramta auren mutu'a da mutu'ar hajji ta hanyar gabatar da ijtihadinsa kan nassi. Sayyid Abdul-Husaini Sharafud-dini (Rasuwa: 1337H) a cikin littafin An-Nassu Wal-Ijtihad ya kawo rahotan ijtihadi a gaban nassi har guda 100 da halifofi, sarakuna da ba'arin danginsu suka aikata tun daga zamanin Annabi (S.A.W) da bayansa.

Gabatarwa Da Kuma Matsayi

Ijtihadi gaban nassi, shi ne gabatar da zato da tsammanin wani mujtahidi a gaban bayyanannen umarnin Allah ko Annabi (S.A.W) ko wasu daga Ma'asumai.[1] "Nassi" kalma ce da ake amfani da ita kan ingantacciyar magana bayyananniya da ba ta da ma'ana fiye da guda ɗaya.[2]

Malaman Shi'a suna adawa da ijtihadi gaban nassi. Nasir Makarim Shirazi ya yi amanna da cewa yaɗuwar ijtihadi a gaban nassi, zai haifar da rusa baki ɗayan hukunce-hukunce.[3] Mirza Habibullahi Khuyi ya kira saɓawa nassi a matsayin bidi'a.[4] A cewar Jawad Shahristani a cikin gabatarwa kan littafin Wasa'ilush Shi'a, mujtahidai tare da ijtihadi gaban nassi, a haƙiƙa suna nuna cewa Annabi (S.A.W) shima mujtahidi ne da yake ijtihadi kamarsu kuma cikin ijtihadin da yake akwai tsammanin ya yi kuskure.[5] Sayyid Muhammad Husaini Tehrani yana ganin cewa bautar Shi'a da nassoshi da kau da kan Ahlus-Sunna daga bauta da nassi shi ne tushen matsalolin saɓani tsakanin Shi'a da Ahlus-Sunna.[6]

Adawa Aksarin Malaman Fiƙihu Da Ijtihadi Gaban Nassi

Malaman Shi'a[7] da Ahlus-Sunna[8] suna ganin rashin ingancin ijtihadi gaban nassi, akwai ba'arin sahabbai da tabi'ai da ba su taɓa fifita ijtihadi kan nassi ba.[9] A cewar Ibn Ƙayyin Jauziyya, Ahmad Bin Hanbal, daga malaman Ahlus-Sunna, sun kasance suna yin fatawa bisa nassi, kuma ba sa karɓar duk wata fatawa da saɓawa nassi hatta daga halifofi.[10]

Amma duk da haka, wasu adadi daga malaman fiƙihu na Ahlus-Sunna a wasu lokuta suna gabatar da ijtihadinsu kan nassi.[11] Makarim Shirazi, ya naƙalto daga ɗaya daga cikinsu, cewa cikin siyasa da mu'amala, idan nassi ya ci karo tare da maslaha kuma aka gaza samun daidaito tsakaninsu cikin haɗe su da juna, za a iya gabatar da maslaha kan nassi, na'am aksarin malaman Ahlus-Sunna ba su amince da wannan ra'ayi ba.[12]

Dalilan Adawa Da Ijtihadi A Gaban Nassi

Masu adawa da ijtihadi a gaban nassi, ƙari kan dogara da hankali[13] sun jingina da ayoyin Kur'ani da riwayoyin Shi'a:

  • Jafar Subhani, marja'in taƙlidi tare da jingina da ayar farkon suratul hujurat ya bayyana larurar sallamawa umarnin Allah da manzonsa, kuma ijtihadi gaban nassi yana matsayin gabatar da ijtihidi kan umarnin Allah da manzonsa..[14]
  • Nasir Makarim Shirazi, cikin tafsirin aya ta 65 suratul nisa'i, ya bayyana cewa wannan aya tana adawa da duk wani nau'in ijtihadi da bayannar da ra'ayin a gaban nassin hukuncin Allah da manzonsa.[15]
  • Kan asasin aya ta 36 suratul ahzab, muminai ba su da haƙƙin duk wani zaɓi a gaban abin da Allah da manzonsa (S.A.W) suke so, kuma duk wani ra'ayi da ijtihadi ya haramta a gaban abin da suke so.[16]
  • Cikin wata riwaya daga madogaran Ahlus-Sunna ya zo cewa wani mutum daga ƙabilar bani Saƙif ya tambayi halifa na biyu game da aikin hajji. Sai Umar ya ba shi amsa. Sai wannan mutumi ya ce na tambayi Annabi wannan mas'ala, amma amsar da ya bani ta bambanta da taka. Sai Umar ya yi fushi ya ce: me ya sa kake tambaya ta cikin mas'alar da Annabi ya fitar da ra'ayinsa?[17]

Ijtihadodin Sahabbai A Gaban Nassi

Duk da adawar malaman fiƙihu na Shi'a da Ahlus-Sunna da ijtihadi gaban nassi, amma akwai rahoto da aka bayar a wasu wurare an samu wasu daga sahabbai bayyane a fili sun yi fatawa kishiyar nassi.[18] Bisa imanin malaman Shi'a, halifa na biyu shi ne mutum na farko cikin waɗanda suka fara yin ijtihadi a gaban nassin Kur'ani da hadisin Annabi (S.A.W).[19] Ana cewa ijtihadinsa na farko a gaban nassi ya kasance ne cikin sanannen batun nan na auren mutu'a da mutu'ar hajji, cikinsu ya yi gaban kansa bisa dogara da ra'ayinsa ya shelanta haramta su.[20]

Sayyid Abdul-Husaini Sharafud-dini a cikin littafin An-Nassu Wal-Ijtihad ya naƙalto ba'arin ijtihadodi, cikin fasali na bakwai a wannan littafi ya kawo ijtihadi guda 100 da aka gabatar gaban nassi da ya faru ta hannun halifofi, sarakuna, da ba'arin danginsu tun daga zamanin Annabi da bayansa.[21] Ba'ari daga cikinsu sun kasance kamar yadda bayaninsu zai zo a ƙasa:

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Muasasa Da’iratul-Ma’arif Fiqh Islami, Farhang Fiqh Muwafiq Mazhab Ahlul Bayt (a), 1385 sh, j.1, sh.267; Yusufi Muqaddam, Darumadi bar Ijtihad az Manzar Qur’an, 1387 sh, sh.276. Jurjani, Mu‘jam al-Ta‘rifat, 2004 m, sh.203; Jami’i az Muhakkikan, Farhangnama Ulum Qur’ani, 1394 sh, sh.994
  2. ↑ Makarim Shirazi, Shia Pasokh Migu’yad, 1428 q, sh.130–131.
  3. ↑ Hashimi Khui, Minhaj al-Bara‘a, 1400 q, j.8, sh.188.
  4. ↑ Hashimi Khui, Minhaj al-Bara‘a, 1400 q, j.8, sh.188.
  5. ↑ Shahrastani, «Muqaddima», dar Kitab Wasā’il al-Shi‘a, sh.18.
  6. ↑ Husayni, Wilayat Faqih dar Hukumat Islami, 1421 q, j.1, sh.118.
  7. ↑ Musawi Qazwini, Yanabi‘ al-Ahkam, 1424 q, sh.501; Allama Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, 1403 q, j.30, sh.515; Hashimi Khui, Minhaj al-Bara‘a, 1400 q, j.8, sh.186; Sharaf al-Din, al-Nass wa al-Ijtihad, 1404 q, bangare 2, sh.3; Magniyya, Fi Zilal Nahj al-Balagha, 1979 m, j.1, sh.304.
  8. ↑ Sharaf al-Din, al-Nass wa al-Ijtihad, 1404 q, bangare 2, sh.3; Fadl Allah, “Dirasat Fiqhiyya wa Qanuniyya: Adhwa’ ‘ala al-Shura fi al-Nass al-Qur’ani”, sh.38.
  9. ↑ Yusufi Muqaddam, Darumadi bar Ijtihad az Manzar Qur’an, 1387 sh, sh.276.
  10. ↑ Ibn Qayyim Jawziyyah, I‘lam al-Muwaqqi‘in, 1407 q, sh.29.
  11. ↑ Qudsi, Anwar al-Usul, 1416 q, j.3, sh.602.
  12. ↑ Qudsi, Anwar al-Usul, 1416 q, j.3, sh.602.
  13. ↑ Subhani, al-Insaf fi Masa’il Madama Fiha al-Khilaf, 1423 q, j.1, sh.35.
  14. ↑ Subhani, al-Insaf fi Masa’il Madama Fiha al-Khilaf, 1423 q, j.1, sh.34.
  15. ↑ Makarim Shirazi, Tafsir Namuneh, 1374 sh, j.3, sh.456.
  16. ↑ Yusufi Muqaddam, Darumadi bar Ijtihad az Manzar Qur’an, 1387 sh, sh.284.
  17. ↑ Husayni Milani, Khulasat ‘Uqubat al-Anwar, 1405 q, j.3, sh.223; al-Ahkam, Ibn Hazm, j.6, sh.807.
  18. ↑ Ibn Hazm, al-Ihkam fi Usul al-Ahkam, Dar al-Afaq al-Jadidah, j.2, sh.12; Husayni Milani, Khulasat ‘Uqubat al-Anwar, 1405 q, j.3, sh.222–227; Tijani, Thumma Ihtadayt, Manshurat Madinat al-‘Ilm, sh.165–167.
  19. ↑ Markaz al-Abhath al-‘Aqa’idiyyah, Mawsu‘at min Hayat al-Mustabsirin, 1433 q, j.9, sh.66.
  20. ↑ Makarim Shirazi, Shia Pasokh Migu’yad, 1428 q, sh.128–130; Yusufi Muqaddam, Darumadi bar Ijtihad az Manzar Qur’an, 1387 sh, sh.278.
  21. ↑ Sharaf al-Din, al-Nass wa al-Ijtihad, 1404 q, bangare 2, sh.5.
  22. ↑ Ibn Hazm, al-Ihkam fi Usul al-Ahkam, Dar al-Afaq al-Jadidah, j.2, sh.16; Yusufi Muqaddam, Darumadi bar Ijtihad az Manzar Qur’an, 1387 sh, sh.278.

Nassoshi

  • Allama Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir, Bihar al-Anwar, Bayrut, Dar Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi, bugun biyu, 1403 q.
  • Fadl Allah, Mahdi, “Dirasat Fiqhiyya wa Qanuniyya: Adhwa’ ‘ala al-Shura fi al-Nass al-Qur’ani”, dar Faslnama al-Thaqafa al-Islamiyya, lamba 26, Muharram da Safar 1410 q.
  • Hashimi Khui, Mirza Habib Allah, Minhaj al-Bara‘a fi Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, tahqiq: Ibrahim Miyanchi, tarjama: Hasan Zadeh Amuli, Hasan da Muhammad Baqir Kamra’i, Tehran, Maktabah al-Islamiyya, bugun hudu, 1400 q.
  • Husayni Milani, Sayyid Ali, Khulasat ‘Uqubat al-Anwar fi Imamat al-A’immah al-At’har, ba wurin bugu, 1405 q.
  • Husayni Tehrani, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn, Wilayat Faqih dar Hukumat Islami, Mashhad, Intisharat Allama Tabataba’i, bugun biyu, 1421 q.
  • Ibn Qayyim Jawziyyah, Muhammad bin Abi Bakr, I‘lam al-Muwaqqi‘in ‘an Rabb al-‘Alamin, tahqiq: Muhammad Muhyiddin Abdul-Hamid, Lubnan, al-Maktabah al-‘Asriyyah, 1407 q.
  • Jami‘i az Muhakkikan, Farhangnama Ulum Qur’ani, Qum, Pajooheshgah Ulum wa Farhang Islami, bugun farko, 1394 sh.
  • Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad, Mu‘jam al-Ta‘rifat, Qahira, Dar al-Fadilah, 2004 m.
  • Magniyya, Muhammad Jawad, Fi Zilal Nahj al-Balagha, Bayrut, Dar al-‘Ilm lil-Malayin, 1979 m.
  • Makarim Shirazi, Nasir, Da’irat al-Ma‘arif Fiqh Muqaran, Qum, Intisharat Madrasah Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (a), bugun farko, 1427 q.
  • Makarim Shirazi, Nasir, Shia Pasokh Migu’yad, Qum, Intisharat Madrasah Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (a), bugun takwas, 1428 q.
  • Makarim Shirazi, Nasir, Tafsir Namuneh, Tehran, Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya, 1374 sh.
  • Markaz al-Abhath al-‘Aqa’idiyyah, Mawsu‘a min Hayat al-Mustabsirin, ba wurin bugu, Markaz al-Abhath al-‘Aqa’idiyyah, 1433 q.
  • Musawi Qazwini, Sayyid Ali, Yanabi‘ al-Ahkam fi Ma‘rifat al-Halal wa al-Haram, tahqiq: Sayyid Ali Alawi Qazwini, Mu’assasa al-Nashr al-Islami, 1424 q.
  • Mu’assasa Da’irat al-Ma‘arif Fiqh Islami, Farhang Fiqh Muwafiq Mazhab Ahlul Bayt (a), Mu’assasa Da’irat al-Ma‘arif Fiqh Islami, bugun biyu, 1385 sh.
  • Qudsi, Ahmad, Anwar al-Usul, taqrirat dars Nasir Makarim Shirazi, Qum, Intisharat Nasl Jawan, bugun biyu, 1416 q.
  • Shahrastani, Jawad, “Muqaddima” dar Kitab Wasā’il al-Shi‘a, Qum, Mu’assasa Al al-Bayt (a), bugun farko, 1409 q.
  • Sharaf al-Din Musawi, Sayyid Abdul-Husayn, al-Nass wa al-Ijtihad, Awwal, Sayyid al-Shuhada, ba wurin bugu, 1404 q.
  • Subhani, Ja‘far, al-Insaf fi Masa’il Madama Fiha al-Khilaf, Qum, Mu’assasa Imam Sadiq (a), 1423 q.
  • Tijani Samawi, Muhammad, Thumma Ihtadayt, ba wurin bugu, Manshurat Madinat al-‘Ilm, ba tare da shekara ba.
  • Yusufi Muqaddam, Muhammad Sadiq, Darumadi bar Ijtihad az Manzar Qur’an, Qum, Bustan Kitab, 1387 sh.

Ibn Hazm, Ali bin Muhammad, al-Ihkam fi Usul al-Ahkam, Lubnan, Dar al-Afaq al-Jadidah, ba tare da shekara ba.

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