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Halifofi Uku

Daga wikishia

Halifofin uku na farko, (Larabci: الخلفاء الثلاثة،) ishara ce zuwa ga Abubakar, Umar da Usman, waɗanda bayan Annabin Muslunci suka karɓi ragama halifancin musulmi, ƴanshi'a suna ganin waɗannan halifofi guda uku sun saɓawa umarnin Annabi (S.A.W), halifancinsu halifanci ne na ƙwace, kuma shi ne sanadiyyan faruwar abubuwa marasa daɗi misalin shahadantar da Faɗima (S), haƙiƙa halifancin halifofi uku na farko ya shi ne ya kasance tushen samuwar tunanin siyasa na Ahlus-Sunna game da hukuma.

Imam Ali (A.S), yana ganin halifancin halifofi uku na farko matsayin halifanci da ba shi da halasci kuma haƙƙinSa ne da aka ƙwace masa; amma tare da haka saboda kiyaye maslahohi na al'ummar musulmi sai ya basu haɗin kai.

Game da samarwa wannan halifanci halasci, an bayyana dalilai kamar ijma'in ahlul hilli wa aƙdi (Mutanen da suke da ikon warware matsaloli da ƙulla al'amura), naɗi ta hannun halifan da ya gabata, da kuma zaɓe kan asasin majalisar zaɓe. Haka nan domin janyo yardar mutane an yi ishara da siffofi misalin kasancewar halifa mafi yawan shekaru, baƙuraishe, Muhajir, da kuma cewa bai kamata halifanci da annabta su haɗu a gida guda ɗaya ba.

Nazarin Ma'ana Da Matsayi

Halifofi uku na farko, wani take ne da ya zo a litattafan Shi'a da yake ishara ga mutane uku da suka fara halifanci bayan wafatin Annabi, ma'ana Abubakar Bin Abi Ƙuhafa, Umar Bin Khaɗɗab da Usman Bin Affan.[1]

Ƴanshi'a, suna ganin halifancin waɗannan mutane uku ƙarara saɓawa umarnin Annabi ne; Kuma sun yi imani da Annabi (S.A.W) tun kafin ya yi wafati, ya rigaya ya naɗa Imam Ali (A.S) matsayin halifansa, magajinsa,[2] Amma waɗannan mutane sai suka ƙwace masa halifanci.[3]

Dalilan ƴanshi'a kan wannan da'awa, tare da ishara ga ƙoƙari daban-daban na Annabi (S.A.W) a kwanakin ƙarshen rayuwarSa, daga jumla shelanta wilayar Imam Ali a Ghadir,[4] maimaita hadis saƙlaini[5] Aika ba'arin sahabbai zuwa sojojin Usama wajen Madina.[6]

Haka nan ƴanshi'a sun yi imani cewa halifancin waɗannan mutane uku sun kasance sababin faruwar wasu abubuwa marasa daɗi daga jumla shahadantar da Faɗima ƴar Annabi,[7] ƙwace ƙasar Fadak[8] da waƙi'ar Karbala.[9]

Haƙiƙa haifancin halifofi uku na farko tare da sauye-sayen siyasa da ya faru a lokacin, suna daga tushen samuwar nazariyyar siyasa ta Ahlus-Sunna game da hukuma a Muslunci. Wannan nazariyya a cikin litattafan Ahlus-Sunna ana kiran ta da nazariyyar halifanci ko nazariyyar imamanci. Bisa wannan nazariyya, an ce halifanci a farko zamanin halifofi guda uku na farko kaɗai ya kasance a iya kewayen lura da kuma kulawa kan al'amuran shari'a na mutane, amma sannu-sannu a hankula sai al'amura hukuma da zastarwa ya shigo cikin ayyukan halifa, suka mayar da halifanci tamkar shugabancin mulkin masarauta.[10]

Halifofi Uku Na Farko
Suna Lokacin Halifanci Tsarin Zaɓe Muhimman Abubuwa
Abubakar 11-13 hijira Bai'a a Saƙifa Yaƙoƙin ridda, Shahadar Sayyida Faɗima (S)
Umar Bin Khaɗɗab 13-23 hijira Wasiyyar Abubakar Fatahu Iran, Fatahu Sham, Fatahu Misra
Usman Bin Affan 23-35 hijira Kwamitin shura na mutane shida Haɗe mus'hafai zuwa guda ɗaya, korar Abu Zar, Bore kan halifa

Matsayar Imam Ali (A.S) Kan Halifofi Uku Na Farko

An ce Imam Ali (A.S) bai taɓa yarda da halascin halifancin halifofi uku na farko ba, barii ma dai ya bayyana shi da ƙwacen haƙƙi da aka yi masa;[11] Kamar dai yadda a cikin huɗubar shiƙshiƙiyya ya jaddada hakan.[12] Shaidu da aka yi bayani game da rashin amincewar Imam Ali daga halifancin halifofi uku, sun kasance misalin rashin amincewa game da zaɓen halifa da aka yi a saƙifatu bani sa'ida, da kuma rashin kasancewa tare da su,[13] Ƙin yin bai'a a kwanakin farko-farko ko watanni bayan zaɓen Abubakar, da kuma tilasta masa yin bai'a ga sabon halifa da ƙarfin tsiya.[14] Da kuma yadda ya bayyanar da rashin yardarSa kan hanyar da aka bi cikin zaɓen halifa na biyu ƙarƙashin kwamitin shura na mutane shida.[15]

Wani ɓangare daga rayuwar Imam Ali, da ya gudana daidai da lokacin halifancin halifofi uku, ana kiransa da sunan zamanin shiru na tsawon shekaru 25[16] Wanda aka ce ya kasance tare da tsanani da wahalhalu masu yawan gaske gare shi da ake kira taƙiyya mudarati.[17] Tare da haka, an ce Ali Bin Abi Ɗalib saboda kiyaye maslahohin musulmi ya kau da idanu daga haƙƙinsa[18] Kuma duk lokacin da haɗin kai[19] da asalin al'ummar musulmi yake fuskantar hatsari ko kuma akwai maslahar Muslunci, a irin wannan lokaci Imam Ali ya ba da gudummawa ta soja[20] da fiƙihu[21] tare da halifofi.[22]

Maginan Ahlus-Sunna Kan Halascin Halifofi Uku Na Farko

Halifofi uku na farko sun bayyana halascin halifancinsu kan asasin gamammen take guda biyu na yadda ake zaɓe da siffofin halifa, da kuma jaddada maganar nan ta cewa halifanci da annabta ba sa haɗuwa a gida ɗaya.

Yadda Ake Zaɓe

Halifofi uku na farko, an zaɓe su ta hannun wasu adadin muanbe kan asasin hanyoyi guda biyu, taken ijma'in ahlil hilli wa aƙdi, naɗin halifan da ya gabata, da kuma zaɓen kwamitin shura na mutane shida.[23]

Bisa naƙalin Dinuri a cikin littafin Al-Imama Was Siyasa, bayan taron Saƙifa, Abubakar domin neman goyan bayan mutane, ya yi magana ga Abbas Bin Abdul-Muɗɗalib, ya ce Annabi ya bar al'amarin mutane a hannunsu, sai mutane suka zaɓe ni matsayin halifa; saboda haka babu wani mutum da yake da haƙƙin saɓani da ni. Da wannan kafa hujja ne Abubakar ya nemi Abbas ya yi masa bai'a[24] Ahlus-Sunna bisa maganar Abubakar sun yi imani cewa Annabi ya bar duniya ba tare da ayyana halifansa ko magajinsa ba, kuma mabiyansa suka zaɓi magajinsa ta hanyar ijma'i.[25]

An bayyana naɗa halifa ta hannun halifa da ya gabata, matsayin madogara ta biyu na halascin halifa na biyu. Bisa abin da ya zo a madogaran tarihi, lokacin da Abubakar zai mutu, ya rubuta wasiyya cewa ya miƙa halifanci ga Umar, kuma yana ganin naɗa halifa a bayansa matsayin nauyin da yake kansa domin ka da al'umma ta zauna babu shugaba.[26] Manazarta Shi'a sun ce wannan tsari na zaɓe na Abubakar, watsi ne da hanyar ta farko da ƙarƙashin ta ne halifa na farko ya zama halifa kuma shi kansa ya ƙarfafa ta a wancan lokacin.[27]

Magina ta ƙarshe kan halascin halifancin halifofi uku, ita ce zaɓin kwamitin shura na mutane shida wanda halifa na biyu da kansa ya kafa wannan kwamiti domin zaɓo halifa na uku. Umar a lokacin mutuwa, yayin da ya ayyana halifa a bayansa, sai ya ce idan ban zaɓi halifa a bayana ba, to na yi aiki da tsarin mafificin halittu, ma'ana Annabi (S.A.W), idan kuma na zaɓa to haka dai na yi aiki da hanyar mafifici, yana nufin Abubakar.[28] Da wannan hujja ne ya samar da sabuwar hanya cikin ayyana halifa, ta yadda ya ɗora nauyin zaɓar halifa na uku a wuyan kwamitin shura na mutane shida daga sahabbai, wanda daga ƙarshe suka ayyana Usman a halifa na uku.[29]

Siffofin Halifa

An bayyana siffofi misalin kasancewa baƙuraishe, Muhajir da kuma mutum mai yawan shekaru, matsayin dalilai da suke tabbatar da halascin halifofi uku na farko.[30]

Kan asasin rahotannin tarihi, cikin tattaunawa da ta gudana tsakanin Muhajirun da Ansar game da neman muƙamin halifanci a lokacin taron Saƙifa, Abubakar tare da jingina da wata riwaya da ta zo da jumlar "Limamai daga ƙuraishawa" ya jaddada larurar zaɓen halifa daga cikin ƙuraishawa, bayan Umar ya goya masa baya ne sai aka kawo ƙarshen tattaunawa.[31]

Kasancewar mafi shekaru, shi ma wani dalili ne da halifofi uku da ba'arin sahabbai da suke da kusanci da halifofi, suka fake da shi cikin watsi da halifancin Imam Ali (A.S). An ce Abu Ubaida Jarra cikin magana da ya yi da Imam Ali (A.S), ya siffanta shi da mai ƙarancin shekaru, kuma da wannan dalili ne ya nemi ya bar halifanci ga mutum mai shekaru, ya yi bai'a ga Abubakar.[32] Haka nan an naƙalto wannan kafa dalili daga Umar da Usman.[33]

=== Rashin Haɗuwar bi (S.A.W)]], cikin wata munazara da ta kasance tsakanin Imam Ali (A.S) da Abubakar, halifa na farko tare da yarda da cancantuwar Ali Bin Abi Ɗalib ga muƙamin halifanci, sai dai cewa tare da naƙalto wannan batu da cewa wai ya ji daga Annabi (S.A.W) wai Allah bai sanya annabta da halifanci a gida guda ɗaya ba ga Ahlul-Baiti (A.S), saboda haka bai amince da halifancin Imam Ali ba, domin tabbatar da da'awarSa ya nemi goyan daga Umar, Abu Ubaida, Salim ɗan da Huzaifa ya ɗauka matsayin ɗa da Mu'az Bin Jabal.[34] An ce Imam Ali (A.S) cikin raddi da ya yi kan da'awarsu, ya bayyana cewa sun yi haka ne don zartar da yarjejeniyar da suka yi tuntuni a bakin Ka'aba na cewa ba za su taɓa bari halifanci ya cirata zuwa ga Ahlul-Baiti (A.S) ba.[35]

Ku Duba

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, 1403ƙ, juzu'i. 28, shafi. 318; juzu'i. 29, shafi. 541; Amini, Al-Ghadir, 1416ƙ, juzu'i. 9, shafi. 515; Bahrani, Al-Ansaf Fi-Nass Ala Al-A'imma'ah Al-Ithna Ashar, 1378SH, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 539.
  2. ↑ Madelong, Janishini Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W), 1377SH, shafi. 13.
  3. ↑ Muzaffar, Dala'ilul al-Sidƙi, 1422ƙ, juzu'i. 6, shafi. 244; Rostamian, Hakimiyate Siyasi Ma'asuman, 1381SH, shafi. 31.
  4. ↑ Ibn Athir, Usdul al-Ghaba, Dar al-Shaab, juzu'i. 5, shafi. 253; Kulaini, al-Kafi, 1407ƙ, juzu'i na 8, shafi na 27.
  5. ↑ Sheikh Mofid, Amali, 1413ƙ, shafi. 135; Ibn Hajar Haitami, Al-Sawa'iƙ al-Muhriƙa, 1417 Hijira, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 438 da 440.
  6. ↑ Waƙidi, Al-Maghazi Lilwaƙidi, 1409ƙ, juzu'i na 3, shafi 1117; Sheikh Mofid, Al-Irshad, 1413ƙ, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 180.
  7. ↑ Ameli, Ranjehaye Hazrat Zahra (S), 1382SH, shafi. 115.
  8. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, 1407ƙ, juzu'i. 1, shafi. 543; Sheikh Mufid, Al-Muƙni'a, 1410ƙ, shafi na 289 da 290.
  9. ↑ Mariji, “Ashura: Payamadhaye Tagyir Arzeshha, shafi. 17; Abdul Mohammadi,Reshehaye Farhangi, Siyasi, Wa Ijtima'i ƙiyam Imam Husaini (A.S), shafi. 45.
  10. ↑ Haji Babaei, Ruyekerdi Tarikhi beh Tahawwul Mafhume Khilafat Dar Asre Khulafaye Se Gane. shafi na 23-25.
  11. ↑ Ibn Maytham Bahrani, Sharhu Nahjul-Balagha, 1404ƙ, juzu'i. 1, shafi. 251.
  12. ↑ Jafari, Tashayyu Dar Masir Tarikh, 1380SH, shafi. 80.
  13. ↑ Salim bin ƘaisI, Kitab Sulaim bin Ƙais, 1420ƙ, juzu’i. 1, shafi na 153-155; Yaƙubi, Tarikh al-Yaƙubi, Dar Sader, juzu'i. 2, shafi. 124; Askari, Saƙifa: Barsi Nahawe Shakle giri Hukumat Pas Az Payambar, 1387SH, shafi na 99; Tabari, Tarikh al-Tabari, 1387SH, juzu'i. 3, shafi. 202.
  14. ↑ Askari, Naƙshe Aisha Dar Tarikhe Islam, 1391SH, Mujalladi. 1, shafi. 105; Amili, Sahih min Sirat al-Imam Ali (A.S), 1430ƙ, juzu'i. 9, shafi. 308; Baydoon, Raftareshinasi Imam Ali Dar Ayineh Tarikh, 1379SH, shafi na 34.
  15. ↑ Tabari, Tarihin Tabari, 1387SH, mujalladi. 3, shafi na 296-302; Yaƙubi, Tarikhul Yaƙubi, Dar Sader, juzu'i. 2, shafi. 162.
  16. ↑ Rafi'i, Zindagi A'imme (a.s), Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci, shafi na 34-35.
  17. ↑ Mousavi, Mabani Fiƙhi Taƙiyye Madarati, 1392SH, shafi. 120.
  18. ↑ Subhani, Forough Welayat, 1376, shafi. 166.
  19. ↑ Madelong, Janishini Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W), 1377SH, shafi. 21.
  20. ↑ Masoudi, Muruj al-Dhahab, 1425ƙ, juzu'i. 2, shafi na 242-244.
  21. ↑ Bayhaƙi, Al-Sunanul al-Kubra, 1424ƙ, juzu'i. 7, shafi. 727.
  22. ↑ Danesh, Ta'amule Imam Ali (AS) Ba Khulafa Dar Jihhate Wahdat Islami, shafi na 96-111.
  23. ↑ Eslami Aliabadi Wa Turan, Ara'u Wa Mabani Khulafaye Se Gane Dar Mashru'iyyat bakshi Be Khilafat Khod Wa Yekdigar, shafi na 41-46.
  24. ↑ Dinwari, Al-Imama Was Siyasa, 1410ƙ, juzu'i. 1, shafi. 33.
  25. ↑ Ibn Taimiyyah, Minhajus Sunnah al-Nabawiyah, 1406ƙ, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 126.
  26. ↑ Tabari, Tarikh Tabari, 1387SH, juzu'i. 3, shafi. 433; Dinwari, Al-Imamah Was Siyasa, 1410ƙ, juzu'i. 1, shafi. 19..
  27. ↑ Eslami Aliabadi Wa Turan, Ara'u Wa Mabani Khulafaye Se Gane Dar Mashru'iyyat Bakshi beh Khilfat Khod Wa Yekdigar, shafi. 45.
  28. ↑ Ibn Sa’ad, Al-Tabaƙat al-Kubra, 1410ƙ, juzu’i. 3, shafi. 261.
  29. ↑ Eslami Aliabadi Wa Turan, Ara'u Wa Mabani Khulafaye Se Gane Dar Mashru'iyyat Bakshi beh Khilfat Khod Wa Yekdigar, shafi. 46.
  30. ↑ Eslami Aliabadi Wa Turan, Ara'u Wa Mabani Khulafaye Se Gane Dar Mashru'iyyat Bakshi beh Khilfat Khod Wa Yekdigar, shafi. 46.
  31. ↑ Dinwari, Al-Imama Was Siyasa, 1410H, juzu'i. 1, Shafi. 25; Tabari, Tarikh Tabari, 1387SH, juzu'i. 3, shafi na 219-220; Balathuri, Ansab al-Ashraf, 1959 AH, juzu'i. 5, shafi. 584.
  32. ↑ Dinwari, Al-Imama Was Siyasa, 1410ƙ, juzu'i. 1, shafi. 19.
  33. ↑ Yaƙubi, Tarikhul Yaƙubi, Dar Sader, juzu'i. 2, shafi, 158; Tabari, Tarikh Tabari, 1387H, mujalladi. 3, shafi. 231.
  34. ↑ Tabari, Tarikh Tabari, 1387SH, juzu'i. 3, shafi. 229.
  35. ↑ Bahrani, Ghayatul al-Maram, 1422SH, juzu'i na 5, shafi na 336.

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