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Mulkin Mallaka

Daga wikishia

Mulkin mallaka, (Larabci: الإستعمار) shi ne wata ƙasa ta mallake wata ƙasa, ta hanyar nuna fin ƙarfi, ko wasu al'umma tare da riƙe su ƙarƙashin ikon ta, wannan na nuni da raunin ƙasa da kuma ci bayanta, mulkin mallaka na Turawan yamma ya fara ta hanyar mamaye ƙasashen musulmi na Arewacin Afrika, bayan nan kuma ya tsallaka zuwa sauran al'ummu, daga cikinsu akwai al'ummar shi'a a Iran, Iraƙ da Indiya. A cewar manazarta, a hukumance ba a taɓa yi wa Iran mulkin mallaka ba; amma ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi na kasuwanci na rashin adalci, Iran ta taɓa tsintar kanta ƙarƙashin tasirin mulkin mallaka. Sojojin Ingila a lokacin yaƙin duniya na farko sun mamaye ƙasar Iraƙ tare da kafa gwamnati ƴar amshin shatansu a ƙasar, haka ma a Indiya sun je sun ruguje hukumar Shi'a ta Awad ta hanyar kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Ingila. Haka zalika suka mamaye Falasɗinu tare da kafa Isra'ila a kan garuruwan Falasɗinu.

Rarraba ƙasashen da suka yi musu mulkin mallaka da kuma kwace madogaran tattalin arziƙin wannan ƙasashe yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi na tushe da ƴan mulkin mallaka suka dinga amfani da su. Bayan yaƙin duniya na farko, Turanwan mulkin mallaka sun rarraba daular Usmaniyya, tare da kafa sabbin ƙasashe misalin Iraƙ, Siriya da Labanun, mamaye ma'adanan arziƙi, yarjejeniyoyi na mulkin mallaka, samar canje-canje na al'ada da harshe da raunana al'adun gargajiya, suna daga cikin hanyoyi da mulkin mallaka ya yi amfani da su don danne al'ummu.

Ta hanyoyi daban-daban musulmai sun ƙalubalanci mulkin mallaka. Daga jumlarsu akwai fatawowin malaman Shi'a a Iraƙ da Iran, kafa ƙungiyoyin adawa da mulkin mallaka, miƙewa mai ɗauke da makami, juyin juya hali tare da neman cin gashin kai ta hanyar lumana.

Ma'ana Da Kuma Matsayin Mulkin Mallaka

A cikin isɗilahi na siyasa, Kalmar "Isti'imar" tana da ma'anar samun iko na al'ada, siyasa da tattalin arziƙi kan wata al'umma mai rauni, da riƙe wannan al'umma ƙarƙashin iko da fin ƙarfi, wanda hakan rauni ne da ci baya.[1] Isti'mara (Mulkin mallaka) yana da alaƙa da ma'anar ta cin gajiyar wani abu ta hanyar zalunci ko rashin adalci.[2] Ƙarfin ikon da daular Usmaniyya ta samu ya haifar da katse hanyoyi haɗin ƙasa da sufuri tsakanin yankin Asiya da Turai.[3] Tara jari da dukiya mai yawa da Majami'un addinin kiristanci suka yi a Turai da kuma kwaɗayin samun dukiyoyin almara na Gabas sun kasance manyan dalilai da suka sa Turawa suka rungumi mulkin mallaka.[4]

An ce Turawa a ƙarni na sha biyar da na sha shida, daɗi kan manufofi na tattalin arziƙi, sun karkata kan manufar yaƙar faɗaɗuwa da yaɗuwar Muslunci ta hanyar mamaye yankunan da musulmi ke rayuwa a Arewacin Afrika.[5] Daidai da abin da aka samu a shaidu na tarihi, da yawa-yawan ƙasashen Muslunci da al'ummun Shi'a sun kasance ƙarƙashin tasirin mulkin mallaka.[6] A cewar masana tarihi, sakamakon tasirin ayyukan siyasa, zamantakewa da al'ada na ƙarfin ƴan mulkin mallaka a kan ƙasashen da suka yi wea mulkin mallaka, an samu canje-canje masu yawan gaske a fagagen ƙasa (Ƙwace da rarraba garuruwa),[7] al'adun zamantakewa (Raunana darajojin ƙasa da addini da canja salon rayuwa)[8] da tattalin arziƙi(Mamaye madogaran tattalin arziƙi da samar da tsare-tsaren dogara da madogara guda ɗaya)[9] a ƙasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka.

Faɗaɗuwar Mulkin Mallaka A Cikin Yankunan Musulmi

Masana sun bayyana cewa garin (Si'uta) wanda yake a Arewacin ƙasar Maroko ta yau, ya kasance gari na farko a yankunan musulmi wanda Turawa suka fara yi wa mulkin mallaka.[10]Aljeriya, Libya, Misra da Tunisiya suna cikin jumlar ƙasashen musulmi da Turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka..[11] A cikin al'ummun Shi'a da suka tsinci kansu ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka akwai misalin Iran, Iraƙ da Awad (A cikin Indiya).[12]

Iran Da Yarjejeniyoyin Mulkin Mallaka

A hukumance Turawa ba su taɓa yi wa baki ɗayan Iran mulkin mallaka ba;[Akwai buƙatar kawo madogara] amma tare da haka bincike yana nuna cewa daga lokacin zuwa gungu na farko na ƴan mulkin mallaka a ƙarni na sha huɗu miladiyya[13] zuwa shekarun farkon juyin juya halin Muslunci na Iran,،[14] wannan ƙasa ba ta gushe ba ƙarƙashin ƙarfin ikon ƴan mulkin mallaka, kamar dai yadda ake iya ganin haka cikin wasu takardun shaida da wasiƙu na tarihi, ba'arin yarjeniyoyi na kasuwanci na Iran tare da wakilan ƙasashen waje, bayyananniyar shaida da take nuna ƙarfin ikon mulkin mallaka kan Iran[15] A ƙarni na 20 nan ma Muhammad Musaddaƙ da Abul Ƙasim Kashani tare da goyan bayan al'umma sun samu nasarar kwato fetur ɗin Iran daga hannun wakilan Ingila da mayar da shi na al'umma Iran.[16] Amma tare da haka, Ingila da Amurka sun ci gaba da matsin lamba da kawo cikas a ayyuka, a ranar 20 Agusta 1943m, cikin wani juyin mulki sun samu nasarar hanɓarar da gwamnatin Musaddaƙ.[17]

Mamaye Iraƙ Da Ingila Ta Yi

A lokacin yaƙin duniya na farko shekarar 1914m, Ingila ta yi shelar yaƙi da daular Usmaniyya.[18] Bisa rahotanni, Ingila ta yi zaton cewa ƴanshi'a za su taimaka mata su kori wakilan daular Usmaniyya daga Iraƙ.[19] Saɓanin wannan zato na su, duk da cewa malaman fiƙihun Shi'a ba su gamsu da salon mulkin daular Usmaniyya ba, amma tare da hakan sai suka fitar da fatawar jihadi kan Ingila; saboda a shari'ar Muslunci ba ya halasta Kiristoci su mamaye garuruwan musulmi.[20] Sai dai cewa duk da wannan fatawa, sojojin Ingila sun samu nasarar mamaye Iraƙ bisa dogara da amfani da nauyayan makamai, sojojin sama[21] da amfani da dakaru da aka aiko daga Indiya.[22]

Hamɓarar Da Hukumar Shi'a Ta Awad A Indiya

Kamfanin Ingila a Gabashin Indiya, a tsakiyar ƙarni na sha bakwai (1757-1764m) ya shiga yaƙi da hukumomin yankuna, daga cikinsu hukumar Shi'a ta Awad, tare da hanɓarar da su.[23] Bayan nan kamfanin Ingila tare da tasiri da kuma saɓawa doka da karɓar haraji mai tarin yawa daga masu filaye a wannan yanki, ya haifar da lalata alaƙoƙi tsakanin sarakunan wannan yanki, wanda haka ya haifar da bore daga al'umma.[24] Har ila yau, Ingila ta kasance tana baiwa daular Awad basussuka masu nauyin gaske domin buƙatunta, wanda hakan ya sanya wani sashe daga garuruwan ƴanshi'a da alaƙoƙin waje na su suka faɗa ƙarƙashin ikon Ingila, gwamnatinsu ta koma ƴa amshin shatan Ingila.[25] A shekarar 1858, bisa uzurin kawo ƙarshen boren hukumar Awadawa, Ingila da hanɓarar da hukumar Shi'a ta wannan yanki tare da kafa ƙarfin ikonta.[26]

Mamaye Falasɗinu

Da yawa-yawan masana, suna la'akari da batun mamaye Falasɗinu matsayin ɗaya daga cikin saƙonnin mulkin mallaka..[27] A cewarsu faɗuwar daular Usmaniyya a yaƙin duniya na farko da karɓe ikon gudanarwa da Birtaniya ta yi kan Falasɗinu su ne dalilan da suka samar da damar kafa Isra'ila.[28] Baya ga yadda Isra'ila ta kafu, wasu manazarta suna la'akari da tsarinn gine-ginen gidaje da gwamnatin Sahayoniyya ta ke a kan yankunan Falasɗinawa matsayin wani nau'in samfuri na mulkin mallaka.[29] Haka nan yunƙuri da wannan gwamnati take yi a Zirin Gaza da gina matsugunan Yahudawa a wannan yanki shi ma duka nau'i ne na sabon mulkin mallaka.[30]

Hanyoyin Yaƙi Da Mulkin Mallaka

Fatawar Jihadi Ta Muhammad Taƙiyyu Shirazi:
Neman hakkoki wajibi ne a kan al'ummar Iraƙ, kuma wajibi ne su kiyaye kwanciyar hankali da tsaro yayin da suke ƙoƙarin cimma buƙatunsu. Idan Birtaniyawa suka ƙi amincewa da buƙatun jama'a, to yana halatta ga al'umma su yi amfani da ƙarfi da iko don kare kansu

[31]

Fatawar Maraji'ai Kan Ƴan Mamaya

Cikin takardun shaidu da aka ci karo da su, akwai bayyananniyar shaida da take nuna yadda maraji'an Iraƙi suka ƙalubalanci ƴan mulkin mallakar Ingila; alal misali a zamanin Ƙajar, Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Yazdi ya shelantar wajabcin yaƙar Ingila.[32] Muhammad Taƙiyyu Shirazi shi ma ya fitar da fatawar jihadi[33] Haka nan ya haramtawa musulmi yin aiki a ma'aikatun gudanarwa na Ingila.[34] A cewar marubuta tarihi, maraji'ai misalin Akun Khurasani[35] Kai hatta Shaikul Shari'a Isfahani a bayyane sune suka kasance suna jagorantar bore kan Ingila[36] Daɗi kan Iraƙi, zuwan sojojin ƙasashen waje Iran shi ma ya fuskancin raddi da martini daga ɓangaren maraji'ai. Alal misali Muhammad Taƙiyyu Shirazi a shekarar 1329 ƙamari, kuma bayan farmakin sojojin Rasha kan Iran, ya fitar da fatawar wajabcin taka musu birki.[37] Wannan fatawa ba ta iyakantu da iya garuruwan Shi'a ba kaɗai, alal misali a lokacin da Italiya ta mamaye Libya da kuma lokacin da Rasha da Ingila suka kaiwa Iran farmaki, Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Yazdi ya sanar da cewa wajibi ne kan dukkanin musulmi su tashi su ƙalubalance su.[38]

Har ila yau, daidai da abin da malaman tarihi suka faɗa, ba'arin malaman addini a Iran da Iraƙ sun tashi tsaye kan kafa ƙungiyoyi na yaƙar mulkin mallaka, kamar misalin ƙungiyar yunƙurin Muslunci, Jam'iyyar Najaf ta sirri da Jam'iyyar Kazimaini ta sirri.[39]

Adawa Da Yarjejeniyyar Mulkin Mallaka

Kamar yaddan ya zo a cikin rahotannin tarihi na zamanin daular Ƙajar, ba'arin manazarta na wannan zamani sun faɗaka da ma'anar mulkin mallaka tun wancan lokaci sakamakon wasu kufaifayi da suke yin shaida kan haka musamman a Indiya.[40] Bisa lura da wannan mas'aloli, malaman shi'a sun nuna adawarsu kan da yawa-yawan yarjeniyoyi, daga jumlarsu, ƙwangilar Rutes (Gina babban titi, titin jirgin ƙasa, gina dam-dam, amfanuwa da ma'adanan Iran, sarrafa harkokin kwastam da harkokin kula da daji) da kuma ƙwangilar Reji (Ƙayyade sarrafa ganyen tabar sigari a hannun wannan kamfani shi kaɗai).[41] Cikin muhimman abubuwa da suka yi tasiri a lokacin miƙewar Tabakko za a iya magana game da gwagwarmayar Sayyid Jamalud-dini Asad Abadi da kuma fatawar Mirzayi Shirazi.[42]

Yunƙurin Kifar Da Gwamnatin ƴan Amshin Shata

A shekarar 1932m, malamai misalin Muhammad Husaini Na'ini, Sayyid Abul Hassan Isfahani, Mahadi Khalisi da Sayyid Hassan Sadar, Sun nuna adawarsu da Sarki Faisal sakamakon kasancewarsa ɗan amshin shatan Ingila.[43] Haka nan a shekarar 1941m, bayan ɗarewar Faisal kan karagar Mulki, an samu wasu sun yi miƙe da bore a kansa, ba'arin malaman fiƙihun Shi'a misalin Sayyid Abul Hassan Isfahani, Muhammad Husaini Kashiful Giɗa da Abdul-Karim Jaza'iri sun yi fatawar jihadi ta goyan bayan wannan miƙewa.[44]

Juyin juya hali Da Neman Cin Gashin Kai Na Lumana

A cewar malaman tarihi a ƙarni na 19 miladiyya, Indiyawa sun yi baƙin ƙoƙarin kaucewa gwagwarmayar ɗauke da makami da zubar da jini kan ƴan mulkin mallaka, sai dai kuma Ingila sun lalata wannan yunƙuri na bore.[45] Bayan nan, motsin neman cin gashin kan Indiya a ƙarni na 20 miladiyya tare da jagorancin shugaba Gandi cikin lumana ya haifar da sakamako mai kyau.[46] Na'am cikin wannan yunƙuri musulman ƙasar Indiya sun nemi cin gashin kansu ta hanyar jam'iyyun siyasa na su, wanda daga ƙarshe suka kafa ƙasar Fakistan.[47]

Bikin mika mulkin Iraƙ ga Sarki Faisal na farko, ta hannun wakilin Birtaniya

Ba'arin manazarta sun kwatanta gwagwarmayar lumana ta Gandi da tsari da salon da Imam Khomaini ya bi a lokacin juyin juya halin Muslunci na Iran.[48]Imam Khomaini cikin da yawa-yawan jawabansa da wasiƙunsa ya bayyana mulkin mallaka matsayin sababi da dalilin wawashe dukiyar ƙasashen duniya, danne tattalin arziƙi, lalata al'adu da darajojinsu, yaƙar addini, rarrabu kai cikin mabiya addini.[49] Tare da bayyana gidan sarautar Pahlawi matsayin ƴan amshin shatan Turawan yamma;[50] amma a cewar manazarta, Imam Khomaini cikin tsare-tsare da salon gwagwarmayarsa ta aƙida ya kaucewa amfani da makami da zubar da jini.[51]

Salom Mulkin Mallaka

Mallake Wani Yanki Ko Rarraba Ƙasashe

Daga cikin salo na farko-farko na mulkin mallaka shi ne mallake wata ƙasa.[52] Alal misali ƴan mulkin mallakar Fotugal a ƙarni 16 miladi, sun kwace jazirori misalin Hormuz da Bahrain.[53] Har ila yau, an ba da rahoto cewa a farkon ƙarni na 20 kaso casa'in na ƙasashen Afrika sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka.[54] Turawan mulkin mallaka sun mamaye muhimman cibiyoyin daular Usmaniyya, baya ga haka sai suka fara rarraba su tare da ƙirƙirar sabbin ƙasashe a kansu, kamar misalin Iraƙ, Siriya da Labanun.[55] Wannan lamari ya ci gaba bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu tare da kafa Isra'ila.[56] A Iran a lokacin mulkin Ƙajar, Ingila domin ƙarfafa ikonta kan Indiya cikin gasar da take da Faransa da Rasha, sai ta kai hari kan jazirorin Khalij Farsi, bayan nan ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Faris an cire Afganistan daga cikin Iran.[57]

Canja Al'adu Na Asali

Majami'ar Fotugal A Tsibirin Hormuz

Ana ɗaukar canje-canje na al'adu cikin yankunan da ake yi wa mulkin mallaka matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi mamaya na ƴan mulkin mallaka.[58] Ta yadda aka yaɗa tarɓarɓarewar halaye da ɗabi'u, da raunana darajoji na gargajiya, da kuma canja tsarin maɗaukakan ɗabi'u, wanda hakan misali ne kan canja al'adu da wayewa wanda mulkin mallaka ya haifar da su.[59] Alal misali a Indiya, Birtaniya ta yi bakin ƙoƙarin ganin ta danƙarawa mutanen ƙasar harshen Ingilishi, daidai lokacin da Musulmi suke fafutikar ganin sun ƙarfafa harshen Urdu, lamarin da ya sanya su ƙirƙirar cibiyoyi domin ƙarfafa wannan harshe.[60] Kamar yadda ita ma Faransa ta yi ta ƙoƙarin yaɗa harshen Faransanci a Labanun da Siriya da yaɗa salon rayuwar yammacin Turai a waɗannan yankuna.[61]

Mulkin Mallaka Kan Tattalin Arziƙi

Daga cikin hanyoyin mulkin mallaka na tattalin arziƙi, za a iya ishara da wawashe wurare na tattalin arziƙi da danƙara haraji kan ƴan kasuwa.[62] Alal misali, manufar ƴan mulkin mallaka da suka mamaye jazirorin Khalij Farsi shi ne karɓar haraji daga ƴan kasuwar wannan yanki, karɓe iko kan zirga-zirga jiragen ruwa a Tekun Indiya, da mallake arziƙin da yake ƙarƙashin wannan Teku[63] Haka nan, lokacin yaƙin duniya na biyu, Rasha da Ingila sun mamaye Kudu da Arewacin Iran tare da mallake maɓuɓɓugan tattalin arziƙi, kasuwanci da soja na wannan yanki.[64]

Daga cikin hanyoyin mulkin mallaka wanda ba na kai tsaye ba, akwai misalin tilastawa manoma noman kayan gona kala ɗaya rak, ɗanfaruwa ƙarƙashin tsarin samarwa na ƙasar da aka mallake ga ƙasar da ke mulkin mallaka, tare kuma da tilasta mata tsarin ci gaba wanda bai dacewa da yanayin ta.[65] Alal misali, bisa abin da manazarta suka faɗa, daliin da ya mayar da Iran kwatankwacin ƙasar da ake yi wa mulkin mallaka a zamanin Ƙajar, shi ne cewa fitar da albarkatu da kayayyakin da ba a sarrafa su ba, cikin sauri sun dinga bunƙasa da ƙaruwa, daidai lokacin da fitar da kayayyakin da aka sarrafa shi kuma ya ragu.[66] Haka nan ɗaya daga cikin matakai na farko-farko da ƴan mulkin mallaka na Ingila suka ɗauka a Indiya da Bangaladash, shi ne lalata masana'antu da noma na gargajiya da angiza mutane zuwa ga sayar da albarkatu na larura wanda ba a sarrafa su ba.[67] An ce wannan siyasa ta janyo yunwa mai tsanani, misali a iya tsakanin shekarun 1880m, zuwa 1920m, fiye mutum miliyan ɗaya ne suka mutu sakamakon yunwar da ƴan mulkin mallaka suka ƙagar musu da gangan.[68]

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Eskandari, Shenakte Isti'imar, 2010, shafi. 19.
  2. ↑ Eskandari, Shenakte Isti'imar, 2010, shafi. 20.
  3. ↑ Fardhari, Huzure Nakastin Isti'imargearane Orappayi Dar Khalij Farsi: Sare Agaz Royayi Do Nizam Iqtisad Sunnati Sharqe Wa Iqtisade Burajewazari Garbe, shafi na 52.
  4. ↑ Fardhari, Huzure Nakastin Isti'imargearane Orappayi Dar Khalij Farsi: Sare Agaz Royayi Do Nizam Iqtisad Sunnati Sharqe Wa Iqtisade Burajewazari Garbe, shafi na 53-54
  5. ↑ Fardhari, Huzure Nakastin Isti'imargearane Orappayi Dar Khalij Farsi: Sare Agaz Royayi Do Nizam Iqtisad Sunnati Sharqe Wa Iqtisade Burajewazari Garbe, shafi na 57.
  6. ↑ Warmington, EtalNorth Africa after 1830"; Mansur al-Ajdad Wa Tarafdari, Isti'imar Ingilis Wa Hukumat Shi'i Awad, shafi na 107; Haidari, "Ruhaniyat Wa Tahrim Tabakko", shafi na 80; Al-Kateb, Tajribatus Saura Islamiyya juyin Iraq, 1981, shafi na 52.
  7. ↑ Eskandari, Shenakte Isti'imar, 2010, shafi. 110.
  8. ↑ Eskandari, Shenakte Isti'imar, 2010, shafi. 97-100.
  9. ↑ Eskandari, Shenakte Isti'imar, 2010, shafi. 104-107.
  10. ↑ Fardhari, Huzure Nakastin Isti'imargearane Orappayi Dar Khalij Farsi: Sare Agaz Royayi Do Nizam Iqtisad Sunnati Sharqe Wa Iqtisade Burajewazari Garbe, shafi na 56
  11. ↑ Warmington, Et al, "North Africa after 1830".
  12. ↑ Mansur al-Ajdad Wa Tarafdari, Isti'imar Ingilis Wa Hukumat Shi'i Awad, shafi na 107; Haidari, "Ruhaniyat Wa Tahrim Tabakko", shafi na 80; Al-Kateb, Tajribatus Saura Islamiyya juyin Iraq, 1981, shafi na 52
  13. ↑ Bigi،«تاریخچۀ حضور بیگاناگان در خلیج فارس»Shafin Jami'ar Imam Sadiq (A.S)
  14. ↑ «استعمار نو 53 سال در ایران حکومت کرد»، Ebna.
  15. ↑ Heydari, “Ruhaniyyat Wa Tahrim Tabakko,” shafi. 80.
  16. ↑ Aqeli, Sharhe Hale Rijal Siyasi Wa Nizami Muasir Iran, 2001, juzu'i. 3, shafi na 1474.
  17. ↑ Aqeli,Ruze Shomare Tarikh Iran, 1991, juzu'i. 2, shafi na 9; Ferdoust, Zuhur Wa Sukut Sultanet Pahlavi, 1994, juzu'i. 1, shafi na 182 da 269; Sarshar, Khaterate Shaban Jafari, 1399, shafi na 160.
  18. ↑ Khorasani Wa Marzeh, Bastarhaye tazade Wa Muqawamat Guftemanae shi'i Dae Iraq Muasir, shafi na 102.
  19. ↑ Mazlumiyate Tarikhi Shi’a; Mir Ali Wa Rezaei,Wujub Hifze Darul Islam, shafi na 16.
  20. ↑ Mazlumiyate Tarikhi Shi’a; Mir Ali Wa Rezaei,Wujub Hifze Darul Islam, shafi na 16.
  21. ↑ Willy, Nehzate Islami Shi'ayane Iraq, 1994, shafi. 35.
  22. ↑ Al-Kateb, Tajribatus Al-Thawrah al-Islamiyyah Fil Iraq, 1981, shafi na 52.
  23. ↑ Mansur al-Ajdad Wa Torafdari, Isti'imare Ingilis Wa Hukumate Shi'i Awad, shafi na 98-99.
  24. ↑ Mansur al-Ajdad Wa Torafdari, Isti'imare Ingilis Wa Hukumate Shi'i Awad, shafi na 102.
  25. ↑ Mansur al-Ajdad Wa Torafdari, Isti'imare Ingilis Wa Hukumate Shi'i Awad, shafi na 105
  26. ↑ Mansur al-Ajdad Wa Torafdari, Isti'imare Ingilis Wa Hukumate Shi'i Awad, shafi na 107.
  27. ↑ McDonnellThe West's Colonization of Muslim Land and the Rise of Islamic Fundamentalis, peace university.
  28. ↑ McDonnell, The West's Colonization of Muslim Land and the Rise of Islamic Fundamentalis, peace university.
  29. ↑ «استعمار شهرک‌نشین چیست؟», Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Mizan.
  30. ↑ «استعمار شهرک‌نشین چیست؟»،, Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Mizan
  31. ↑ Agha Bozorg Tehrani, Tabaqat A'lam al-Shi'a, 1404 AH, juzu'i. 13, shafi na 263.
  32. ↑ Dadfar Wa Nemati, “Mraji'u Irani Wa Qiyame 1920 Shi'ayane Iraq,” shafi. 82.
  33. ↑ Rahimi, Tarikh Janbashe Islami dar Iraq, 1380, shafi na 142-143.
  34. ↑ Rahimi, Tarikh Janbashe Islami dar Iraq, 1380, shafi na 189.
  35. ↑ Nakash, The Shi'is of Iraq, p.215-217; Litvak, A Failed Manipulation, p.74-78.
  36. ↑ Litvak, A Failed Manipulation, p.74-78 & 84-86; Nakash, The Shi'is of Iraq, p.215-217& 227-228.
  37. ↑ Rahimi, Tarikh Janbashe Islami dar Iraq, 1380, shafi na 126
  38. ↑ Hatami da Beheshti-Seresht, Taqabul Wa Ta'amul Akhun Mulla Mohammad Kazem Khorasani Wa Seyyed Mohammad Kazem Yazdi Dar juryane Inqilabe Mashruteh, shafi na 15-16.
  39. ↑ Khorasani Wa Marzeh, Bastarhaye Tazade Wa Muqawamate Guftemanae Shi'i Dar Iraq Muasir, shafi. 115.
  40. ↑ Qadim Qaidari, Ruyekerdehaye Muarikhane Qajari Beh Oroppa Wa Isti'imar, shafi na 80-81.
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  53. ↑ Bigi، «تاریخچۀ حضور بیگانگان در خلیج فارس»Shafin Jami'ar Imam Sadiq (A.S)
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