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Daƙiƙa:Mujtahidi

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Daga wikishia
Daga dama zuwa hagu: Sayyid Abul Ƙasim Khuyi, Sayyid Muhsin Hakim, Sayyid Mahmud Shahrudi, da Sayyid Ali Tabrizi, daga cikin malaman fiƙihu na ƙarni na 15 na Hijira.

Mujtahid ko faƙihi shi ne wanda ya kai matakin ijtihadi a ilimin fiƙihu, kuma yake da ikon fitar da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a daga ingantattun tushe. Bisa hujjojin shari'a, mujtahidai masu cikakken sharuɗɗa su ne shugabannin shari'a, kuma suna da nauyin ayyuka da iko kamar yanke hukunci (ƙaza'i), gudanar da dukiyoyin jama'a da waƙafi, har ma da bayyana yaki da sulhu. Jagorancin addini a al'ummomin Shi'a yana hannun mujtahidai.

Mabiya addini suna aiwatar da ayyukan su na addini bisa fatawar mujtahidai, kuma suna bayar da wani ɓangare na kuɗaɗen shigarsu a matsayin haƙƙoƙin shari'a ga mujtahidai. Mujtahidin da ya fi ilimi (A'alam) kuma ya samu karɓuwar jama'a yana kaiwa matsayin marja'iyya. Shaikh Ɗusi, Muhaƙƙiƙ Hilli, Allama Hilli, Shaikh Ansari da Mirzaye Shirazi suna daga cikin shahararrun mujtahidai da malaman fiƙihu na Shi'a.

Wane ne Mujtahidi ?

A fannin ilimi, ana kiran mujtahidi ko faƙihi shi ne mutum wanda ya kai matakin ijtihadi a ilimin fiƙihu, kuma yake da ikon fitar da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na reshe daga ingantattun tushe.[1] A tunanin Shi'a, mujtahidai masu cikakken sharuɗɗa su ne wakilan Imami Ma'asumi, kuma ana kiran su "Na'ibul Am" (wakili na gaba ɗaya).[2] Kuma suna da yawancin ayyuka da ikon Imamai, kamar yanke hukunci (ƙaza'i) da ba da izinin amfani da kuɗaɗen shari'a (haƙƙoƙin shari'a).[3]

Murtada Muɗahhari, mujtahidin Shi'a (ya rasu: 1358 Sh), a cikin tattaunawarsa kan asalin ijtihadi da ma'anar mujtahid, ya raba annabawa zuwa masu saƙo (mursal) da waɗanda ba saƙo kai tsaye (ghairu mursal), yana ganin cewa aikin mujtahidai na yau shi ne irin aikin da annabawan rukuni na biyu suke yi. A ra'ayinsa, abin da mujtahid ke yi a yau da ƙarfin ilimi, hujja da ijtihadi, annabawan da suka gabata suna yin irin sa, amma ba da ijtihadi ba, sai da wahayi (wahy). Bugu da ƙari, mujtahid ba kawai mai hukunci ba ne kuma jagora ga jama'a ba, har ma mai umarni da kyakkyawan aiki da hana mummuna (Amr bil ma‘ruf wa nahy ‘an al-munkar) a tsakanin mutane, kuma mai gyara al'umma ne wanda yake da alhakin gyara barna da lalacewa.[4]

Daga ƙarni-ƙarni da suka kai har ƙarni na 15 Hijira, idan ɗaliban makarantun hauza (hawza) sun kai mataki mai zurfi a ilimin fikhu, malamansu ko malamansu sukan tabbatar da cewa sun kai matakin ijtihadi, ko a rubuce ko a baki. Wannan takardar ko tabbatarwa ana kiran ta "izinin ijtihadi".[5]

Ayyuka Da Iko Na Mujtahidi

Bisa ga fiƙihun Shi'a, duk wanda ya kai matsayin ijtihadi kuma ya cika sharuɗɗa ana kiran sa Hakimush shar'i (Shugaban shari'a).[6] Shaikh Anṣari ya bayyana muƙamai na faƙihi a ƙarƙashin manyan taken guda uku: ifta (Fitar da fatawa), hukuma wato ƙaza'i (Alƙalanci), da wilaya (Ikon tafiyar da dukiya da rayuka).[7]

Nasir Makarim Shirazi ɗaya daga cikin maraji'an Shi'a, a cikin bahasinsa kan ikon malamin fikihu (wilayatul al-faƙihi), ya fara da ambaton bayar da fatawa da yin hukunci, sannan ya bayyana cewa a matsayin wilaya, malamin fiƙihu yana da iko guda bakwai, waɗanda su ne:

  • Ikon kula da dukiyoyin waɗanda ba su iya kula da kansu ba, kamar marayu da waɗanda ba su da waliyyi, da wasu nau'o'in mahaukata da marasa hankali.
  • Ikon karɓa da kashe dukiyoyin shari'a kamar khumusi, zakka da waƙafi na jama'a.
  • Ikon aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (haddodi) a wajen matsayin shari'a na kotu.
  • Ikon umarni da kyakkyawan aiki da hana mummuna a lokuta da ke buƙatar amfani da ƙarfi, rauni ko ma kisa.
  • Ikon shugabancin siyasa, mulki, tsaron iyakoki, da kare ƙasa daga maƙiya da dukkan al'amuran da suka shafi maslahar jama'a.
  • Ikon rayuka da dukiyoyin mutane.
  • Ikon doka da kafa ƙa'idojin shari'a.[8]

Muhammad Husaini Na'ini a cikin littafinsa Tanbihul Umma ya bayyana cewa wilaya da kula da al'amuran hisba na malaman fiƙihu yana daga cikin abubuwan da Shi'a ta tabbatar da su a matsayin tabbatattun rukunan ta.[9]

Daga cikin ra'ayin Ruhullah Khomaini, dukkan ikon da Annabi da Imamai suka mallaka wajen gudanar da al'umma, malamin fiƙihu da ya cika sharuɗa ma yana da su; kuma wannan wilaya hanya ce ta aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a.[10] Haka kuma an ce tsayar da sallar Juma'a na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan da aka danganta su da ikon malamin fiƙihu.[11]

« Daga littafin "Ashnayi Be Qur'an" na Muɗahhari:

Aikin da malami mujtahidi yake yi a yau ta hanyar ilimi, hujja da ijtihadi, annabawan da suka gabata ma suna yin irin wannan aiki, amma ba ta hanyar ijtihadi ba, sai dai ta hanyar wahayi da annabta.Aikin da mujtahidai suke yi a yanzu shi ne irin aikin da annabawa kafin zamanin hatimin annabci da kafin Manzon Allah (S.A.W) suka yi. Amma mujtahid ba aikinsa kawai ijtihadi ba ne; yana kuma zama alƙali na shari'a, shugaba ga mutane, mai umarni da alheri da hana mummuna a tsakanin jama'a, kuma wajibi ne a gare shi ya gyara ɓarna da lalacewa a cikin al'umma.[12]

»

Matakai Da Rabe-raben Mujtahidai

Muhammad Hassan Najafi, wanda aka fi sani da Sahib Jawahir, daga cikin malaman fikihu na ƙarni na 13 na Hijira.

A bisa rarrabuwar da aka saba a littattafan fikihu, ana raba mujtahidi zuwa mujtahidi mai iyaka (Mutajazzi) da mujtahidi cikakke (Muɗlaƙ). Haka kuma mujtahidi cikakke yana rabuwa zuwa mujtahidi mai cika sharuɗa da mujtahidi mafi ilimi (A'lam).

Sayyid Abul Ƙasim Khuyi a cikin littafinsa At-Tanƙihu Fi Sharhi Al-Urwatul Wusƙa ya kawo nau'o'i biyu na rarrabuwar ma'anar ijtihadi, inda ya ce mujtahidi ko dai mutajazzi ne ko muɗlaƙ, kuma kowanne ko ya kai matakin amfani da ƙarfin ijtihadi ko bai yi amfani da shi wajen fitar da hukunce-hukunce ba.[13]

Bisa wannan rarrabuwar, mujtahidi mutajazzi shi ne wanda yake da ikon fitar da hukunce-hukunce na shari'a a wasu sassa na fiƙihu kaɗai.[14] Haka kuma yana iya amfani da wannan iko wajen istinbadi ko kuma ya bar shi a matsayin iyawa kawai ba tare da amfani ba. Wasu malamai suna ganin ba a halatta yin koyi da mujtahidi mutajazzi ba, yayin da wasu ke ganin ya halatta a yi koyi da shi kawai a hukunce-hukuncen da ya riga ya fitar da su.[15]

Khuyi ya yi amfani da kalmar mujtahidi muɗlaƙ a kishiyar mutajazzi.[16] A bisa wannan ra'ayi, mujtahidi muɗlaƙ yana iya fitar da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a a dukkanin babobin fikihu ta hanyar hujjojin shari'a.[17]

Idan mujtahidi cikakke (Muɗlaƙ) ya samu sharuɗɗan da ake buƙata domin a bi shi (Taƙlid), ana kiran sa mujtahidi mai cika sharuɗɗa. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan su ne: namiji, mai hankali, tsarkin haihuwa, ɗan Shi'a Imamiyya, mai rai, mai adalci, kuma mafi ilimi (A'alam).[18]

Mujtahidi mafi ilimi (A'alam) kuwa shi ne mujtahidi mai cika sharuɗɗa wanda yake da ƙwarewa mafi girma wajen fitar da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a idan aka kwatanta da sauran malamai.[19]

A ra'ayin wasu malamai, idan akwai mujtahidi mafi ilimi, wajibi ne a bi shi. Wasu kuma suna ganin cewa a bisa "wajibi na taka-tsantsan (Ihtiyaɗi na wajibi)", dole a bi irin wannan mutum.[20]

Bambanci Tsakanin Mujtahidi Da Marja'in Taƙlidi

Duk wani mujtahidi, idan yana da cancantar bayar da fatawa, zai iya kaiwa matsayin marja'in taƙlidi. Marja'in Taƙlidi a zahiri shi ne mujtahidi mai cika sharuɗa wanda al'ummar Shi'a suka karɓe shi, kuma suke bin sa (taƙlidi). Wato suna gudanar da ibadunsu bisa fatawarsa ko ra'ayinsa na fiƙihu, sannan suna bayar da dukiyar shari'a (kamar khums da sauran hakkoki) gare shi ko ga wakilansa.[21]

Mirzaye Shirazi, mujtahidi na ƙarni na 13 da na 14 Hijira.

Fitatttun Mujtahidai A Tarihin Shi'a

Ana rarraba malaman fikihun Shi'a wani lokaci bisa ga zamanin da suka rayu, wani lokaci kuma bisa ga makarantu da hanyoyin ijtihadinsu.[22]

Malaman Fiƙihu Na Farko Da Na Baya

A cikin rubuce-rubucen fiƙihun Shi'a, galibi ana kiran malaman fiƙihu da suka rayu kafin Shaikh Ɗusi da ƙudama (malaman farko-farko).[23] Ana kiran malaman da suka zo daga zamanin ShaIkh Tusi har kafin Allama Hilli da Mutaƙaddimun (malaman farko).[24]

Daga Allama Hilli zuwa kafin ƙarni na farko na malaman zamani (ƙarni na 15 Hijira), ana kiran su Muta'akhkhirun (malaman baya).[25] Malaman zamaninmu kuwa ana kiransu Muta'akhkhiru al-Muta'akhkhirin, wato "malaman da suka zo bayan malaman baya".[26]

Dalilin wannan rarrabuwar shi ne bambancin hanyoyin fiƙihu da suka bi a kowane zamani.[27] Sai dai waɗannan kalmomi na da ma'ana ta dangantaka, kuma akwai wasu ra'ayoyi daban. Misali, wasu malamai suna kiran dukkan malaman da suka rayu kafin Muhaƙƙiƙ Hilli da suna Qudama (malaman farko-farko).[28]

Sanannun Malaman Fiƙihu Na Shi'a

A tarihin fiƙihun Shi'a, an samu malamai da dama. Fitattunsu, bisa jerin lokacin mutuwarsu, su ne:

Bincike Masu Alaƙa

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Markaze Ettela‘at wa Madarek-e Eslami, Farhangnameh-ye Uṣūl al-Fiƙh, shafi 696.
  2. ↑ Kashifu Giɗa, Kashf al-Gɗiṭa, Manshūrat Da'irat al-Tablighat, juzu'i na 4, shafi 370.
  3. ↑ Shaik Anṣari, Kitab al-Makasib, bugu na Kongira, juzu'i na 3, shafuka 545–546.
  4. ↑ Muṭahhari, Ashna'i ba Qur'an, juzu'i na 2, shafi 171; Muṭahhari, Majmū‘a-ye athar, 1390 Sh, juzu'i na 26, shafi 202.
  5. ↑ Gorji, Ijtihad, shafi 610.
  6. ↑ Mu'assase Da'irat al-Ma‘arif Fiqh-e Eslami, Farhang-e Fiqh motabiq-e mazhab-e Ahl al-Bayt, juzu'i na 3, shafi 199.
  7. ↑ Shaikh Anṣari, Kitab al-Makasib, bugu na Kongira, juzu'i na 3, shafuka 545–546.
  8. ↑ Makarim Shirazi, Bahuth Fiqhiyya Hammma, shafi na 400–401.
  9. ↑ Na'ini, Tanbih al-Umma wa Tanzih al-Milla, shafi na 75–76.
  10. ↑ Ruhullah Khomaini, Wilayat al-Faqih, shafi na 50–51.
  11. ↑ Burujerdi, Tabyan al-Salat, Nashr Ganj Irfan, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 58.
  12. ↑ Motahari, Ashnayi ba Qurʾan, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 170; Motahari, Majmu‘a Athar, juzu'i na 26, shafi na 202.
  13. ↑ Khuyi, al-Tanƙih, shafi na 28.
  14. ↑ Khuyi, al-Tanƙih, 1418H, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 28; Mishkini, Istilahat al-Usul, shafi na 19.
  15. ↑ Yazdi, al-Urwa al-Wusƙa, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 17.
  16. ↑ Khuyi, al-Tanƙih, 1418H, shafi na 28.
  17. ↑ Mishkini, Istilahat al-Usul, shafi na 19..
  18. ↑ Ruhullah Khomaini, Tawdih al-Masail, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 13.
  19. ↑ Shaikh Ansari, Matarah al-Anzar, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 679.
  20. ↑ Yazdi, al-Urwa al-Wusƙa, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 19; Khomaini, Tawdih al-Masail, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 13.
  21. ↑ Yazdi, al-Urwa al-Wusƙa, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 4; Rahman-Sitayish, "Taƙlid", shafi na 789.
  22. ↑ Garji, Tarikh-e Fiƙh wa Fuƙaha, shafi na 15.
  23. ↑ Badri, Mu‘jam Mufradat Usul al-Fiƙh al-Muƙaran, shafi na 226.
  24. ↑ Badri, Mu‘jam Mufradat Usul al-Fiƙh al-Muƙaran, shafi na 253.
  25. ↑ Badri, Mu‘jam Mufradat Usul al-Fiƙh al-Muƙaran, shafi na 252-253.
  26. ↑ Badri, Mu‘jam Mufradat Usul al-Fiƙh al-Muƙaran, shafi na 252.
  27. ↑ Badri, Mu‘jam Mufradat Usul al-Fiƙh al-Muƙaran, shafi na226, 252, 253.
  28. ↑ Maliki Isfahani, Farhang Istilahat Usul, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 60.

Nassoshi

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