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Sarauniyar Saba'a

Daga wikishia
Sarauniyar Sab'a
SunaBilƙisu
MazhabaTauhidi
Sanannun dangiSam Bin Nuhu
Ranar haihuwaƘarni 10 kafin haihuwar Almasihu
Wurin haihuwaMa'arib
KabariTadammur
Fagen aikiMulkin ƙasar Sab'a
MatsayiSarauniyar ƙasar Sab'a


Sarauniyar Saba'a (Larabci: ملكة سبأ) Ita ce sarauniya ɗaya tilo wace aka an bata a cikin ƙur'ani da cikin littafi mai tsarki na Kiristoci, sun ce sunanta Billƙisu, ta kasance sarauniyar Saba'a(Yaman a yau) a da ta kasance tana bautar Rana, amma bayan haɗuwarta da Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) sai tayi imani da Allah ta zama cikin masu kaɗaita Allah, a baya-bayan nan wasu masu bincike bisa dogaro da yanayin tafiyar da mulkinta mai kyau wanda aka anbace shi a ƙur'ani sun kafa hujja da shi kan gudummawar da mace za ta iya bayarwa a cikin al'umma.

Kur'ani ya yi maganar tsinkayen Annabi Sulaiman kan mutanan Saba'a da sarauniyarsu, da yadda aka kawo karagar sarautarta gurinshi cikin ƙibtawar ido, da zuwanta gurinsa, duk da tarayya tsakanin ƙur'ani da littafin sabon alƙawari da tsohon alƙawari kan haɗuwar sarauniyar Saba'a da Annabi Sulaiman, sai dai wasu masu binciken cikin musulmi suna ganin akwai bambanci muhimmi tsakanin ƙissar da ƙur'ani ya kawo da wadda littafin Sabon alƙawari da tsohon Alƙawari su kawo, daga cikin bambanci mai muhimmaci, ƙur'ani ya kawo wannan ƙissa a yanayi na nusarwa da faɗakarwa, amma masu bincike suna ganin wannan ƙissa ta sarauniyar Saba'a a cikin litattafai na tarihi a muslunci an yi sharhinta da bayaninta kuma an ƙara mata wasu abubuwa na Israiliyat (Tatsuniyoyin Yahuwadawa).

An yi nuni kan ƙissar sarauniyar Saba'a a wurare da yawa cikin litattafai da al'adar Larabawa da ta Farisawa, wannan ƙissa ta zo a matsayin sirri na hikima da dukiya da kuma kyau, kuma an rubuta litattafai da yawa a kanta, daga cikinsu akwai littafin mai suna "Al-malakatu Bilƙis"(Sarauniya Bilƙisu) da Tarihi Sirri wanda Bilƙis Ibrahim Alhadarani ta rubuta.

Muhimmacin Wannan Ƙissa

Wannan sarauniya ta kasance shugabar yankin Saba'a anbaton haɗuwarta da Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) ya zo a cikin ƙur'ani cikin suratul Namli,[1] kazalika ta zo cikin littafi mai tsarki na Kiristoci.[2] Kuma ita ce mace guda ɗaya tilo da ƙur'ani ya yi magana kan mulkinta da abubuwan da ta mallaka na masamman.[3] An yi la'akari da ita matsayin mafi hankalin mata.[4] Bisa dogaro da wannan ƙissa wadda ta zo a cikin ƙur'ani an rubuta maƙaloli da yawa da bincike masu yawa kan mahangar ƙur'ani dangane da gudanarwar mace da damawa da ita a cikin fagen siyasa da tasirinta a cikin al'umma.[5] Ance lokacin da ake rubuta kundin mulki na Jamhuriyar muslunci ta Iran wasu sun kafa hujja da ƙissar Sarauniyar Saba'a domin su yi bayanin rawa da gudunmawar mace a harkar gudanarwa.[6] Bisa wasu bincike kan ƙissar sarauniyar Saba'a a cikin litattafai na tarihi a Muslunci an yi bayanin wannan ƙissa, kuma ta bayyana cewa an gurɓata ta da Isra'iliyyat a wasu daga cikin ɓangarorinta.[7]

Sunanta Da Nasabarta Da Mulkinta

Babu inda aka anbaci sunan sarauniyar Saba'a a ƙur'ani ko littafin tsohon alƙawari,[8] amma bisa maganar wasu masu tafsiri da wasu malaman tarihi sun ce sunanta shi ne Bilƙisu[9] kuma wannan suna ya zo a ciki hadisai da yawa na Shi'a[10] duk da cewa wasu litattafai sun ambaci sunanta da cewa shi ne Yalmaƙa.[11] An ce an haifeta a garin Ma'arib ne,[12] an ambacin mabambantan sunaye kan sunan mahaifinta kamar Sharhu,[13] da Haddad Bin Sharahil,[14] ya zo a cikin wasu litattafai cewa tsatsanshi ya gangaro ne daga Sam Bin Nuhu,[15] a wani ƙaulin kuma an ce mahaifiyarta Aljana ce,[16] amma wannan maganar masu bincike sun yi watsi da ita.[17]

Sun faɗi cewa sarauniya Bilƙisu ta kasance `yar ƙabilar Himyar[18] kuma ta kasance ta mulki wani yanki mai ƙarfi da muhimmanci,[19] a ƙasar Saba'a wato (Yaman a yanzu),[20] kuma babban birnin tarayyar wannan yanki ya kasance garin Ma'arib.[21] Sanannen malamin tarihin nan a ƙarni na 6 Ibn Asakir ya ce Bilƙisu ta yi mulki na tsawon shekara 9 kafin ta haɗu Annabi Sulaiman, sannan daga baya ta ƙara yin mulki na shekara 4 da izininsa,[22] an ambaci wani ra'ayin da ba wannan ba kan lokacin da ta yi tana mulki,[23] Abul Futuhi Razi marubucin littafin Raudul Jinan ya naƙalto cewa sarauniyar Saba'a ta kasance daga ƙabilar Bani Sadil Arim wanda aka halakar lokacin anbaliyar Sailul Arim,[24] kamar yadda aka jingina gina wannan Dam ga wasu mutane daban a litattafai na tarihi.[25]

Wasu marubuta suna ganin cewa zamanin sarauniya Bilƙisu ya kasance a ƙarni na 10 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (A.S) bisa la'akari da yin zamani ɗaya da Annabi Sulaiman (A.S)[26] kuma bisa dogaro da wannan magana suka kore shakka kan rashin samuwar wannan sarauniya ta Saba'a, masu yin shakka suna kafa dalili ne da rashin samun sunanta a zane-zanen da aka gano a Yaman, sun faɗi cewa zane-zane da aka gano tarihinsu yana komawa ne zuwa ƙarni na takwas kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (A.S).[27] Wasu masu bincike suna cewa wasu tuddai da kufai na ginshiƙin fadar Bilƙisu an same su a nisan kilo 120 a yammacin garin San'a,[28] Jawad Ali malamin tarihi wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1987 Miladiyya ya faɗi cewa mutanen habasha suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin jikokin sarauniya Bilƙisu.[29]

Imanin Bilƙisu Da Annabi Sulaiman Da Aurarsa

Bisa wasu ayoyi na ƙur'ani da farko dai sarauniyar Saba'a ta kasance tana bautar Rana,[30] amma bayan ta haɗu da Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) sai ta yi imani da Allah,[31] kuma bisa wasu litattafan tafsir sarauniya Bilƙisu ta auri Annabi Sulaiman[32] gini kan abin da ya zo cikin littafin Da'iratul Ma'arif Farsiyya wanda ya naƙalto wasu abubuwa daga litattafan Yahudanci cewa Buktanassar shi ne ɗan da aka haifa da sakamakon auren Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) da Bilƙisu,[33] amma bisa wata majiya Bilƙisu ta yi aure da wani mutum daban ba Annabi Sulaiman ba,[34] a dai-dai lokacin da wasu suke ganin cewa kwatakwata ma ba ta yi aure ba.[35]

Ƙissar Ƙur'ani Da Sabon Alƙawari Da Tsohon Kan Haɗuwarta Da Sulaima

Ƙur'ani ya kawo mana ƙissar haɗuwar Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) da sarauniyar Saba'a Bilƙisu,[36] lokacin da ya sami labarin wani yanki da wata mace mai ƙarfin faɗa aji take yin mulki a can kuma ita da mutanenta suna bautar Rana koma bayan Allah,[37] sai ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa gareta yana kiranta da ta bi shi,[38] sai sarauniya Bilƙisu ta ba shi amsa ta hanyar aiko mishi da kyauta domin tsoran ɓarna da zubar da jini, sai dai kuma Annabi Sulaiman ya ƙi karɓar kyautar.[39] Sai wannan Sarauniya ta tashi ta tafi gurin Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) domin tattaunawa da shi, a yayin haka ne gadan sarautarta ya rigata zuwa wajan Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) ta hanyar wani mutum cikin mabiyanshi wanda yake da wani ilimi kaɗan daga cikin littafi[40] yayin da sarauniyar Saba'a ta shiga fadar Annabi Sulaiman (A.S)s ai ta yi imani da Allah.[41] An ce gadon mulkinta yana da girma kuma yana cike da abubuwa masu tsada.[42] Bisa abin da ya zo cikin littafin tsohon alƙawari, an bayyana cewa tuntuni, tun kafin ta yi ido biyu da shi, ta samu labarin suna da ɗaukaklar da Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) yake da ita, sai ta yanke shawarar tafi zuwa gurinshi ta yi mishi domin yi masa tambayoyi, bayan yin ido biyu da shi, ta sami amsa gamsashshiya kan tambayoyinta a gurinshi,[43] kuma ƙari kan haka fadar Annabi Sulaiman ta ba ta mamaki da birge ta, ga kuma mamaki da ta yi kan abinci na masamman da mamakin mutanen da suka halarci fada da ma'aikatan fada, da tsarin aikin fada da ragunan da aka yanka a ɗakin Allah,[44] kai a ƙarshe sai sarauniyar Saba'a ta yabi Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) da ubangijin da yake bautawa,[45] sai kowa ya bada kyauta mai tsada ga ɗayansu, daga nan sai ta koma garinsu.[46] Kazalika littafin sabon alƙawari ya yi bayani kan sarauniyar Saba'a a wasu gurare.[47] Bisa wasu bincike da aka gudanar ƙissosin guda biyu da suka zo a cikin ƙur'ani da Sabon Alƙawari suna tarayya a wasu gurare, kuma duk da sun sha bamban a wasu gurare masu muhimmanci,[48] daga cikin guraren da suka sha bamban akwai bayani dalla-dalla a cikin ƙur'ani kazalika ƙur'ani ya bada labarin cikin yanayin faɗakarwa da nusarwa.[49] Kamar yadda ƙur'ani bai bada labarin gurin haɗuwar Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) da Bilƙisu ba.[50] Amma a dai-dai lokacin tsohon alƙawari ya ambaci gurin haɗuwarsu shi ne Aurshalim,[51] amma a wasu litattafai na Muslinci wannan haɗuwa tsakanin Annabi Sulaiman da sarauniya Bilƙisu ya faru ne a wani guri daban ba Aurshalim ba, kuma ya faru ne a yayin da Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) ya yi tafiya zuwa Makka.[52]

RasuWa Da Gurin Da Aka Binneta

Bisa abin da ya zo a wasu litattafai Bilƙisu ta rasu bayan haɗuwarta da Annabi Sulaiman (A.S) a shekara 7 da `yan watanni, kuma an binneta garin Tadammur ƙasar Sham.[53] Babu wanda ya san inda kabarinta yake har lokacin mulkin Walid Bin Abdul-Malik, lokacin da aka gano kabarinta, sai Walid ya yi umarni da a gina shi.[54]

Sarauniyar Saba'a A Waƙe-waƙen Larabawa

Labarin sarauniyar Saba'a a adabin Larabawa yana da samuwa ƙarara kuma da yawa, haƙiƙa Bilƙisu ta kasance wata alama ta dukiya da hikma da kuma kyau, babu shakka Bilƙisu ta yi tasiri da yawa kan wasu mawaƙa cikin wasu ƙasidunsu masu jan hankali da waƙoƙi irin na soyayya, wanda ya yi fice da hakan akwai Abu Nuwas da Buhtari sanannan mawaƙi da Husaini Bin Dahakk, kazalika yanayin jikinta ya ja hankalin Muhyiddin Ibni Arabi a cikin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasidarshi ta Sufanci, inda yake cewa;[55]

مَـا رَحَـلُوا يَـوْمَ بَـانُوا الْـبُزَّلَ الْـعِيـسَا
إِلاَّ وَقَـدْ حَـمَلُوا فِـيهَا الـطَّوَاوِيـــسَا
مِـــنْ كُــلِّ فَـاتِـكَةِ الأَلْـحَـاظِ مَـالِــكَةٍ
تَـخَالُهَا فَـوْقَ عَـرْشِ الدُّرِّ بَلْقِيــــسَا
إِذَا تَـمَشَّتْ عَـلَى صَـرْحِ الزُّجَاجِ تَرَى
فَشَمْسًا عَلَى فَلَكٍ فِي حِجْرِ إِدْرِيسَا

Tarjama: Ba su bar wurin ba ranar tafiya, Sai da suka dauka da su taurarin kyawu. Daga kowacce mace mai kyan ido, Wanda za ka dauka tana zaune a kan kursiyin Belqis. Idan ta ke tafiya a kan falon fadar na gilashi, Za ka ga rana a kan sararin samaniya a dakin Idrisa

Daga cikin mawaƙan da suka tasirantu da Bilƙisu a wannan zamani akwai Mahmud Darwish da Nazzar ƙabbani da Ahmad Shauƙi wanda aka yi mishi laƙabi da sarkin mawaƙa, ya yin da a cikin diwanishi Mai suna Andalosiya Annawawiyya ya rubuta yana kamanta Bilƙisu da Rana a lokacin da yake tina yarintarshi a ƙasar Masar, sai ya ce;[56]

ســـقـيـاً لـعــهـدٍ كـأكـنـاف الـرُّبـى رفــةً
أَنَّـــى ذهـبـنـا وأعـطـاف الـصَّـبا لـيـنا
إذِ الـــــزمـــــانُ بـــنــا غــيــنـاءُ زاهــيــةٌ
تـــــرفُّ أوقــاتُــنـا فــيــهـا رَيَـاحـــيـنـا
تـــــرفُّ أوقــاتُــنـا فــيــهـا رَيَـاحـــيـنـا
الــــوصـلُ صـافـــيـةٌ والـعـيـشُ نـاغـيةٌ
والـسـعـدُ حـاشـيـةٌ والـدهـرُ مـاشـينا
والشمس تختال في العقيان تحسبها
بـلـقيس تـرفُـلُ فــي وشـيِ الـيمَانينا

Tarjama: Albarka ga zamanin da ya shude, kamar lambun da ke cike da kwanciyar hankali, Inda muka tafi, kuma kyan samartaka yana tare da mu. A lokacin, rayuwar mu tana cike da jin dadin zamani mai albarka, Inda lokacin mu ke cike da kyawawan furanni da nishadi. Soyayya tana da tsabta, rayuwa tana da kwanciyar hankali, Farinciki yana tare da mu, kuma zamani yana tafiya da mu. Rana tana walkiya a cikin zinariya, Kamar yadda Belqis ke yawo cikin kyawawan suturar Yemen

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Suratul Naml, Ayoyi 20 - 44
  2. ↑ Littafi Mai Tsarki, Littafin Sarakuna, Babi na 10.
  3. ↑ Karimiyan da Hoshangi, "Bilqis", Shafi na 74.
  4. ↑ Ibn Habib al-Baghdadi, "Al-Muhabbar", Dar al-Afaq al-Jadida, Shafi na 367
  5. ↑ Mohi, Ansam – Mar'atu Kiyadiyya fil Al-Qur'ani (Misalin Sarauniya Bilqis), Mujallar Kimiyyar Dan Adam ta Duniya, Lamba 18, Beirut, 2021. Abid, Bakr bin Muhammad – Addauril Kiyadi Lil Mar'a Wa Asrihi fi Taaziz Mafhumil hijkma wal Wastiyya fil Dau'il Al-Qur'ani, Mujallar Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Al-Qur'ani, Tanta, 1443H. Aqili – Barrasu Hakimiyyat Zan Az Negahe Ahadi Qamdin Wa Qur'an, tare da Mayar da Hankali kan Labarin Sarauniya Bilqis, 1394H. Ruhani-Manesh – Ulguhaye Mudiriyat Zanan Dar Qur'ani, 1393H. Ra'i – Bilqis: Isharati Bar Zan Az Didgahe Qur'ani, 1377H. Karimi da Wasu – KareAmadl Zanan Dar Arsegaye Siyasi, 1400H.
  6. ↑ Zakari, "Welayat Zanan", Shafi na 56.
  7. ↑ Al-Hadrani, "Almalikatu Bilqis", 1994, Shafi na 144.
  8. ↑ Naafi, "Asru Ma Qabalal Islam", 2018, Shafi na 72.
  9. ↑ Jawad Ali, Al-Mofassal fi Tarikh al-Arab, 1422 AH, Vol. 3, ku. 264.
  10. ↑ Al-Saffar, Basa’ir al-Darajat, 1404 AH, shafi na 208, 209 da 210; Al-Kulayni, Al-Kafi, 1407 BC, juzu'i. 1, p. 230; Sheikh Al-Saduq, Al-Khisal, 1362 AH, Vol. 1, p. 327; Sheikh Al-Saduq, Uyun Akhbar Al-Rida, (A.S), 1378 AH, Vol. 1, p. 103; Sheikh Al-Mufid, Al-Ikhtisas, 1413 Hijiriyya, shafi na. 213.
  11. ↑ Al-Awtabi Al-Sahari, Al-Ansab, 1427 AH, Vol. 1, p. 209.
  12. ↑ Shabestari, A'alam Kur’ani, 1379 AH, shafi na 191.
  13. ↑ Al-Qummi, Tafsirul Qummi, 1404 AH, Vol. 2, ku. 128.
  14. ↑ Al-Isfahani, Tarikh Saniyyi Mulukil Arzi, Dar Maktabat al-Hayat, shafi. 99.
  15. ↑ Al-Khatib Al-Omari, Al-Rawdah Al-Fayhaa, 1420 AH, shafi. 96.
  16. ↑ Al-Awtabi Al-Sahari,Al-Ansab, 1427 AH, Vol. 1, p. 209.
  17. ↑ Al-Nawawi, Tahdhib al-Asma’ wa al-Lughat, 1430 AH, shafi. 481.
  18. ↑ Ibn Sa'id al-Andalusi, At-ta'arif Bit Tabakat Al-umam, 1376H, shafi na 204.
  19. ↑ Al-Tabarsi, Majma’ al-Bayan, 1372 AH, Vol. 7, ku. 341.
  20. ↑ Al-Masoudi, Murujuz Zahab, 1409 AH, Vol. 2, ku. 161.
  21. ↑ Shabestari, A'alamul Kur’ani, 1379 AH, shafi na 191.
  22. ↑ Ibn Asakir, Tarikh Madinati Damashki, 1415H, juzu'i. 69, ku. 67.
  23. ↑ Al-Isfahani, Tarikh Saniyyi Mulukil Arzi, Dar Maktabat al-Hayat, shafi. 99.
  24. ↑ Abu al-Fath al-Razi, Rawd al-Janan, 1408 AH, vol. 16, ku. 61.
  25. ↑ Al-Masoudi, Murujuz Zahab, 1409 AH, Vol. 2, ku. 161.
  26. ↑ Nafi, Asru Ma Kable Islam, 2018, shafi. 72.
  27. ↑ Khazaeli, A'lam al-Qur'an, 1371, shafi. 376.
  28. ↑ Bizar Shirazi,Bastan Shinasi Wa Geography Qasas Qur'ani, 2003, shafi. 322.
  29. ↑ Jawad Ali, Al-Mofassal fi Tarikh al-Arab, 1422 AH, Vol. 1, p. 237.
  30. ↑ Suratul Namli, aya ta 24.
  31. ↑ Suratul Namli, aya ta 44.
  32. ↑ Al-Qummi, Tafsirul Qummi, 1404 AH, Vol. 2, ku. 128.
  33. ↑ Musahib da sauransu, “Balqis,” shafi. 527.
  34. ↑ Ibn al-Kalbi, Nasab Ma'ad Wal Yumnil al-Kabeer, 1425 AH, juzu'i. 2, ku. 546.
  35. ↑ Al-Awtabi Al-Sahari, Al-Ansab, 1427 AH, Vol. 1, p. 210.
  36. ↑ Suratul Naml, aya ta 20-44.
  37. ↑ Suratul Naml, aya ta 23-24.
  38. ↑ Suratul Naml, aya ta 28-31.
  39. ↑ Suratul Naml, aya ta 35-36.
  40. ↑ Suratul Naml, aya ta 38-40.
  41. ↑ Suratul Naml, aya ta 42-44.
  42. ↑ Al-Tabarsi, Majma’ al-Bayan, 1372 AH, Vol. 7, ku. 341.
  43. ↑ Littafi Mai Tsarki, 1 Sarakuna, Babi na 10, ayoyi 1-3.
  44. ↑ Littafi Mai Tsarki, 1 Sarakuna, Babi na 10, ayoyi 4-5.
  45. ↑ Littafi Mai Tsarki, 1 Sarakuna, Babi na 10, ayoyi 9.
  46. ↑ Littafi Mai Tsarki, 1 Sarakuna, Babi na 10, ayoyi 10-13.
  47. ↑ Bisharar Matta, Babi na 12, Aya 42; Bisharar Luka, Babi na 11, aya ta 31.
  48. ↑ Hosseini Bajdani, et al., “Barrasi wa Tahlil tafsiri Dastane Sulaiman (A.S) Wa Malakeh Saba dar Negahe Kur'an Kareem wa Tadbik Ahade Qadeem” shafi. 222.
  49. ↑ Hosseini Bajdani, et al., “Barrasi wa Tahlil tafsiri Dastane Sulaiman (A.S) Wa Malakeh Saba dar Negahe Kur'an Kareem wa Tadbik Ahade Qadeem” shafi. 222.-224
  50. ↑ Suratul Naml, aya ta 20-44.
  51. ↑ Littafi Mai Tsarki, 1 Sarakuna, Babi na 10, Aya ta 2.
  52. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Al-Tijan fi Muluk Himyar, 1347 AH, shafi na 163-170; Al-Baydawi, Anwar al-Tanzil, shafi. 1418 AH, Vol. 4, ku. 158.
  53. ↑ Diyar Bakri, Tarikhul Al-Khamis, Dar Sadr, Vol. 1, p. 249.
  54. ↑ Diyar Bakri, Tarikhul Al-Khamis, Dar Sadr, Vol. 1, p. 249.
  55. ↑ Ibn Arabi, Diwan Tarjuman al-Ashwaq, shafi na 30-31.
  56. ↑ Shawqi, Al-Shawqiyat, Vol. 2, ku. 107.

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