Daƙiƙa:Tajwidi
Tajwidi, yana nufin furta haruffan Alƙur'ani daidai kuma a yanayin da suka dace, ta yadda kowane harafi zai fito daidai daga mazauninsa. Ko da yake kalmar "Tajwidi" ba ta kasance cikin rubuce-rubucen farko na ilimin karatun Alƙur'ani ba, amma daga baya an yi amfani da ita a cikin ayyuka kamar As-Sab'atu Fil Ƙira'at na Ibn Mujahid da kuma At-Tanbihu na Ali Bin Jafar Sa'idi.
Ko da yake an riƙa bayyana ilimin Tajwidi a warwatse a cikin littattafan ilimin ƙira'a (Ƙira'at), amma tun daga ƙarni na huɗu bayan hijira, Tajwidi ya zama ilimi mai zaman kansa. Batutuwan da yake ƙunshe da su sun haɗa da: mazaunai da siffofin haruffa (Makharij da Sifat), hukunce-hukuncen harafin Nun mai sukun, Mim mai sukun, Lam, tsawaitawa da gajartawa (Madda da Ƙasru), dakatawa da farawa (Waƙfu da Ibtida), Ghunna da kuma Ƙalƙala.
Littattafan farko da suka kebanta da Tajwidi su ne: Ƙasida na Abu Muzahim Khaƙani, Ar-Ri'aya Li Tajwidil Ƙira'a na Makki Bin Abi Ɗalib, da kuma At-Tahdid na Abu Amru Dani. A mahangar fikihu, kiyaye dokokin Tajwidi a cikin sallah wajibi ne kawai idan rashin kiyaye su ya haifar da sauya ma'ana. Haka kuma, a cikin Talbiyar aikin Hajji, an wajabta furta azkar daidai (ba tare da kuskure ba).
Gabatarwa Da Kuma Muhimmanci
Tajwidi na nufin furta haruffan Alƙur'ani yadda ya kamata, ta yadda kowane harafi zai fito daga mafitarsa daidai kuma a furta shi yadda ya dace. Ana yin hakan cikin yanayi na ɗabi'a ba tare da wuce gona da iri ba, domin a karanta kalmomi cikin inganci da kyawun lafazi.[1]
Bisa binciken masana, a cikin Ƙasida Khaƙaniyya ta Abu Muzahim (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 325H), wadda ake ɗauka a matsayin littafi na farko mai zaman kansa a ilimin tajwidi, ba a yi amfani da kalmar tajwidi ba. Kalmar ta fara bayyana da wannan ma'ana ne a cikin littafin As-Sab'atu Fil Ƙira'at na Ibn Mujahid (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 324H). Bayan sa kuma, Ali bn Jafar Sa'idi (wanda ya rasu kusan shekara ta 410H) ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin littafinsa At-Tanbihu Alal Lahni Al-Jali Wal Lahnil Khafi.[2]
Kafin a san tajwidi a matsayin ilimi mai zaman kansa, ana tattauna batutuwansa ne a cikin ilimin karatu (Ƙira'at) ko kuma a cikin littattafan harshe. Sai dai daga ƙarni na huɗu bayan hijira ne aka fara ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ilimi mai cin gashin kansa.[3]
Daga cikin batutuwan da ake nazari a ilimin tajwidi akwai: mafitar haruffa da siffofinsu, hukunce-hukuncen nun sakina (Nun Mai sukuni) da tanwin, hukunce-hukuncen mim sakina (Mimun Mai sukuni), hukunce-hukuncen lam, madda da ƙasru, waƙafi da ibtida, ghunna da ƙalƙala.[4]
Littattafai Game da Ilimin Tajwidi
Kafin a fara rubuta littattafai masu zaman kansu kan tajwidin Alƙur'ani, an fara tattauna ilimin tajwidi ne a warwatse cikin littattafan ilimin ƙira'o'i (karatun Alƙur'ani).[5]
Daga cikin littattafan farko masu zaman kansu da aka rubuta kan ilimin tajwidi akwai:
- Ƙasidar Abu Muzahim al-Khaƙani (ya rasu 325H). A cewar Abdulaziz Abdulfattah, ita ce littafi mafi farko kuma mafi tsufa da aka rubuta kai tsaye game da tajwidin Alƙur'ani, kuma an rubuta ta a ƙarni na huɗu bayan hijira.[6]
- Ƙasidar Alamud-Din As-Sakhawi (ya rasu 643H), mai taken Umdatul Mufid Wa Uddatul Majid Fi Ma'arifat At-Tajwid.[7]
- Ar-Ri'aya Li Tajwidil Ƙira'a wa Tahƙiƙ Lafzil Tilawa, wanda Abu Muhammad Makki Bin Abi Ɗalib Al-Ƙaisi Al-Ƙairawani Al-Ƙurɗubi (ya rasu 437H) ya rubuta. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban madogara a ilimin tajwidi daga cikin tsofaffin ayyuka, kuma yana daga cikin mafi faɗi da cikakkun littattafai a wannan fanni. An rubuta shi kusan shekara ta 420H.[8]
- At-Tahdid Fil Itƙan Wat Tajwid, wanda Abu Amru Dani (ya rasu 444H) ya rubuta. An rubuta shi kusan lokaci ɗaya da littafin Makki bn Abi Ɗalib, kuma waɗannan littattafai biyu suna daga cikin mafi tsofaffin littattafai a ilimin tajwidi.[9]
Hukunce-hukuncen Fiƙihu
Malaman fiƙihun Shi'a suna ganin cewa wajibi ne yin karatun sallar da Larabci sahihi.[10] Sai dai kiyaye ƙa'idojin tajwidi a cikin sallah yana zama wajibi ne kawai idan rashin kiyaye su zai jawo sauyawar ma'anar kalmomi.[11]
Malaman fiƙihu na Ahlus-Sunna ma suna ɗaukar sahihancin karatu a matsayin wajibi gwargwadon abin da ba zai haifar da wahala da ƙunci ba. Saboda haka, ba sa ɗaukar bambance-bambance irin na lafazin haruffan ḍad da ẓa' a matsayin wajibi ga kowa.[12]
Haka kuma, game da talbiya, wadda take daga cikin ayyukan ihrami a Umratut-Tamattu'i, Hajjin Tamattu'i, Hajjin Ifradi da Umara Mufrada, an bayyana cewa dole ne a furta zikranta yadda ya dace kuma cikin lafazi sahihi.[13]
Bincike Masu Alaƙa
Bayanin kula
- ↑ Ibn Jazari, Ghayatun Nihaya, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 212; Tahanawi, Mausu'tu Kashshaf Istilahat, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 386.
- ↑ Muhammadi, «Tarikh Wa Ilale Pedayeshe Tajwid,» shafi na 75; Ƙaduri Hamd, «Daramadi bar Ilme Tajwide Qur'ane Karim,» shafi na 200–201.
- ↑ Muhammadi, «Tarikh Wa Ilale Pedayeshe Tajwid,» shafi na 75.
- ↑ Bissa Al-Misri, Al-Amid Fi Ilmi At-Tajwid, shafi na 198.
- ↑ Muflih Al-Ƙudat da sauransu, Muƙaddimat Fi Ilmi Al-Ƙira'at, shafi na 186.
- ↑ Muflih Al-Ƙudat da wasu marubuta, Muƙaddimat Fi Ilmi Al-Ƙira'at, shafi na 186.
- ↑ Muflih Al-Ƙudat da sauran marubuta,Muƙaddimat Fi Ilmi Al-Ƙira'at, shafi na 186.
- ↑ «الرعاية لتجويد القراءة وتحقيق لفظ التلاوة»، Shafin Al-Mausu'a Al-Qur'aniyya; Ƙaduri, Abhas Fi Ilmi At-Tajwid, shafi na 57.
- ↑ Ƙaduri, Abhas Fi Ilmi At-Tajwid, shafi na 57.
- ↑ Imam Khomaini, Tahrirul Wasila, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 166; Gulfaigani, Taudihul Masa'il, shafuffuka na 165, 168, 179 da 191.
- ↑ Bahrani, Al-Hada'iƙ An-Nadira, juzu'i na 8, shafi na 173; Hamadani, Misbahul Faƙih, juzu'i na 12, shafuffuka na 105–106; A'raj, Kanzul Fawa'id, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 115.
- ↑ Fakhrur Razi, At-Tafsirul Kabir, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 69; Azimabadi, Aunul Ma'bud, juzu'i na 11, shafi na 29; Ibn Abidin, Raddul Muhtar, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 682.
- ↑ Ɗabaɗaba'i Yazdi, Al-Urwatul Wusƙa, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 664; Imam Khomaini, Tahrirul Wasila, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 380.
Nassoshi
- A'raj, Abdul-Muɗɗalib Bin Muhammad, Kanzul Fawa'id Fi Halli Mushkilatil Ƙawa'id, Qom, Cibiyar Annashru Islami, 1416H.
- Azimabadi, Muhammad Shamsul Haƙƙi, Aunul Ma'bud, Beirut, Darul Kutubil Ilimiyya, 1415H.
- «Ar-Ri'aya Li Tajwidil Ƙira'a wa Tahƙiƙ Lafzil Tilawa,» (Kulawa da kyautata karatu da tabbatar da lafazin tilawa), shafin Al-Mausu'a al-Qur'aniyya, ranar dubawa: 21 Afrilu 2025M.
- Bahrani, Yusuf Bin Ahmad, Al-Hada'iƙ An-Nadira Fi Ahkam Al-'Itra Aɗ-Ɗahira, Qom, Ofishin Intisharate Islami, 1405H.
- Bissa Al-Misri, Mahmud Bin Ali, Al-Amid Fi Ilmi At-Tajwid, binciken Muhammad As-Sadiƙ Al-Ƙamhawi, Iskandariyya, Dar Al-Aƙida, 1425H/2004M.
- Fakhrur Razi, Muhammad Bin Umar, At-Tafsirul Kabir, Beirut, Dar Ihya'i Turasil Arabi, babu kwanan wata.
- Gulfaigani, Sayyid Muhammad Rida, Taudihul Masa'il (Farsi), Qom, Darul Qur'anil Karim, 1413H.
- Hamadani, Rida Bin Muhammad, Misbahul Faƙih, juzu'i na 12, dubawa Cibiyar Jafariyya Li Ihya'i Turas, Qom, Barge Ɗuba, 1425H.
- Ibn Abidin, Muhammad Amin, Raddul Muhtar Ala Ad-Durr Al-Mukhtar: Sharh Tanwir Al-Absar, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1415H.
- Ibn Jazari, Muhammad Bin Muhammad, Ghayatun Nihayah Fi Ɗabaƙatil Ƙurra, Tehran, Darul Kutubil Ilmiyya, 1361Sh.
- Imam Khomaini, Sayyid Ruhullah, Tahrirul Wasila, Tehran, Cibiyar Tanzim Wa Nashre Asar Imam Khomaini, 1421H.
- Muflih Al-Ƙudat, Muhammad, tare da Ahmad Khalid Shukri da Muhammad Khalid Mansur, Muƙaddimat Fi Ilmi Al-Ƙira'at Amman, Dar Ammar, 1422H/2001M.
- Ƙaduri Hamd, Ghanim، «درآمدی بر علم تجوید قرآن کریم»، (Gabatarwa ga Ilimin Tajwidin Alƙur'ani Mai Girma), Fassarar Husain Alinaghian, a cikin mujallar Ilahiyyat wa Huƙuƙe Daneshgahe Razawi, shekara ta huɗu, bazara 2004M.
- Ɗabaɗaba'i Yazdi, Sayyid Muhammad Kazim, Al-Urwatul Wusƙa, Qom, Ofishin Intishatarate Islami, 1419H.
- Tahanawi, Muhammad Ali, Mausu'tu Kashshaf Istilahat Al-Funun Wa Al-Ulum, Beirut, Maktabat Lebanon Nashirun 1996M.
- Muhammadi, Muhammad Ali، «تاریخ و علل پیدایش تجوید»، (Tarikh da dalilan samuwar ilimin Tajwidi pdf ), A cikin mujallar Ma'arefat, shekara ta ashirin da bakwai, lamba ta huɗu, Yuli 2018M.
- Ƙaduri, Ghanim, Abhas Fi Ilmi At-Tajwid, Amman, Dar Ammar, 1422H/2002M.