Daƙiƙa:Tajwidi
Tajwidi, yana nufin furta haruffan Alƙur'ani daidai kuma a yanayin da suka dace, ta yadda kowane harafi zai fito daidai daga mazauninsa. Ko da yake kalmar "Tajwidi" ba ta kasance cikin rubuce-rubucen farko na ilimin karatun Alƙur'ani ba, amma daga baya an yi amfani da ita a cikin ayyuka kamar as-Sab'atu fi al-ƙira'at na Ibn Mujahid da kuma at-Tanbih na Ali bin Ja'afar al-Sa'idi.
Ko da yake an riƙa bayyana ilimin Tajwidi a wartse-watse a cikin littattafan ilimin ƙira'a (Ƙira'at), amma tun daga ƙarni na huɗu bayan hijira, Tajwidi ya zama ilimi mai zaman kansa. Batutuwan da yake ƙunshe da su sun haɗa da: mazaunai da siffofin haruffa (Makharij da Sifat), hukunce-hukuncen harafin Nun mai sukun, Mim mai sukun, Lam, tsawaitawa da gajartawa (Madde da Ƙasr), dakatawa da farawa (Waƙfu da Ibtida), Ghunna da kuma Ƙalƙala.
Littattafan farko da suka kebanta da Tajwidi su ne: Ƙasida ta Abu Muzahim al-Khaƙani, Ar-Ri'ayah li Tajwid al-ƙira'a na Makki bin Abi Talib, da kuma At-Tahdid na Abu Amr al-dani. A mahangar fikihu, kiyaye dokokin Tajwidi a cikin sallah wajibi ne kawai idan rashin kiyaye su ya haifar da sauya ma'ana. Haka kuma, a cikin Talbiyar aikin Hajji, an wajabta furta azkar daidai (ba tare da kuskure ba).
Ma'ana Da Muhimmanci
Tajwidi na nufin furta haruffan Alƙur'ani yadda ya kamata, ta yadda kowane harafi zai fito daga mafitarsa daidai kuma a furta shi yadda ya dace. Ana yin hakan cikin yanayi na dabi'a ba tare da wuce gona da iri ba, domin a karanta kalmomi cikin inganci da kyawun lafazi.[1]
Bisa binciken masana, a cikin Ƙaṣida Khāqāniyya ta Abu Muzahim (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 325H), wadda ake ɗauka a matsayin littafi na farko mai zaman kansa a ilimin tajwidi, ba a yi amfani da kalmar tajwidi ba. Kalmar ta fara bayyana da wannan ma'ana ne a cikin littafin Al-Sab'a fi al-ƙirā'āt na Ibn Mujahid (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 324H). Bayan sa kuma, Ali bn Ja'afar Sa'idi (wanda ya rasu kusan shekara ta 410H) ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin littafinsa Al-Tanbīh 'ala al-Laḥn al-Jalī wa al-Laḥn al-Khafī.[2]
Kafin a san tajwidi a matsayin ilimi mai zaman kansa, ana tattauna batutuwansa ne a cikin ilimin karatu (Ƙirā'āt) ko kuma a cikin littattafan harshe. Sai dai daga ƙarni na huɗu bayan hijira ne aka fara ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ilimi mai cin gashin kansa.[3]
Daga cikin batutuwan da ake nazari a ilimin tajwidi akwai: mafitar haruffa da siffofinsu, hukunce-hukuncen nūn sākinah da tanwīn, hukunce-hukuncen mīm sākinah, hukunce-hukuncen lām, maddi da ƙaṣri, waƙafi da ibtidā'i, ghunna da ƙalƙala.[4]
Littattafai Game da Ilimin Tajwidi
Kafin a fara rubuta littattafai masu zaman kansu kan tajwidin Alƙur'ani, an fara tattauna ilimin tajwidi ne a warwatse cikin littattafan ilimin ƙirā'o'i (karatun Alƙur'ani).[5]
Daga cikin littattafan farko masu zaman kansu da aka rubuta kan ilimin tajwidi akwai:
- Ƙasidar Abu Muzahim al-Khaƙani (ya rasu 325H). A cewar Abdulaziz Abdulfattah, ita ce littafi mafi farko kuma mafi tsufa da aka rubuta kai tsaye game da tajwidin Alƙur'ani, kuma an rubuta ta a ƙarni na huɗu bayan hijira.[6]
- Ƙasidar Alam al-Din al-Sakhawi (ya rasu 643H), mai taken Umdat al-Mufid wa 'Uddat al-Majid fi Ma'rifat al-Tajwid.[7]
- Ar-Ri'aya li-Tajwidil Ƙira'a wa Tahƙiƙ Lafzil Tilawa, wanda Abu Muhammad Makki bn Abi Talib al-ƙaisi al-ƙairawani al-Ƙurtubi (ya rasu 437H) ya rubuta. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban madogara a ilimin tajwidi daga cikin tsofaffin ayyuka, kuma yana daga cikin mafi faɗi da cikakkun littattafai a wannan fanni. An rubuta shi kusan shekara ta 420H.[8]
- .Al-Tahdid fi al-Itƙan wa al-Tajwid, wanda Abu 'Amr al-Dani (ya rasu 444H) ya rubuta. An rubuta shi kusan lokaci ɗaya da littafin Makki bn Abi Talib, kuma waɗannan littattafai biyu suna daga cikin mafi tsofaffin littattafai a ilimin tajwidi.[9]
Hukunce-hukuncen Fiƙihu
Malaman fiƙihun Shi'a suna ganin cewa wajibi ne yin karatun sallar da Larabci sahihi.[10] Sai dai kiyaye ƙa'idojin tajwidi a cikin sallah yana zama wajibi ne kawai idan rashin kiyaye su zai jawo sauyawar ma'anar kalmomi.[11]
Malaman fikihun Ahlus-Sunna ma suna ɗaukar sahihancin karatu a matsayin wajibi gwargwadon abin da ba zai haifar da wahala da ƙunci ba. Saboda haka, ba sa ɗaukar bambance-bambance irin na lafazin haruffan ḍād da ẓā' a matsayin wajibi ga kowa.[12]
Haka kuma, game da talbiya, wadda take daga cikin ayyukan ihrami a Umratut-Tamattu'i, Hajjin Tamattu'i, Hajjin Ifradi da Umara Mufrada, an bayyana cewa dole ne a furta zikranta yadda ya dace kuma cikin lafazi sahihi.[13]
Bincike Masu Alaƙa
Bayanin kula
- ↑ Ibn al-Jazari, Ghayat al-Nihaya, 1361, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 212; Tahanawi, Mawsu'at Kashshaf Istilahat al-Funun wa al-'Ulum, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 386.
- ↑ Muhammadi, Tarikh wa 'ilal-e peydayesh-e tajwid, shafi na 75; ƙaduri Hamd, Darāmadi bar 'ilm-e tajwid-e Qur'an-e Karim, shafi na 200–201.
- ↑ Muhammadi, Tarikh wa 'ilal-e peydayesh-e tajwid, shafi na 75.
- ↑ Bassat Misri, Al-'Amid fi 'Ilm al-Tajwid, shafi na 198.
- ↑ Muflih Qudat da sauransu, Muqaddimat fi 'Ilm al-Qira'at, shafi na 186.
- ↑ Muflih Qudat da wasu marubuta, Muqaddimat fi 'Ilm al-Qira'at, shafi na 186.
- ↑ Muflih Qudat da sauran marubuta, Muqaddimat fi 'Ilm al-Qira'at, shafi na 186.
- ↑ «الرعاية لتجويد القراءة وتحقيق لفظ التلاوة»،Shafin Al-Mawsu'a al-Qur'aniyya; Qaduri, Abhath fi 'Ilm al-Tajwid, shafi na 57.
- ↑ Qaduri, Abhath fi 'Ilm al-Tajwid, shafi na 57.
- ↑ Imam Khomaini, Tahrir al-Wasilah, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 166; Gulpaygani, Tawdih al-Masa'il, shafuffuka na 165, 168, 179 da 191.
- ↑ Bahrani, Al-Hada'iq al-Nadira, juzu'i na 8, shafi na 173; Hamadani, Misbah al-Faqih, juzu'i na 12, shafuffuka na 105–106; A'raj, Kanz al-Fawa'id, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 115.
- ↑ Fakhr al-Razi, Al-Tafsir al-Kabir, Dar Ihya al-Turath, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 69; Azimabadi, Awn al-Ma'bud, juzu'i na 11, shafi na 29; Ibn Abidin, Radd al-Muhtar, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 682.
- ↑ Tabataba'i Yazdi, Al-Urwa al-Wusƙa, juzu'i na 4, shafi na 664; Imam Khomaini, Tahrir al-Wasilah, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 380.
Nassoshi
- A'raj, Abdulmuttalib bn Muhammad, Kanz al-Fawa'id fi Hall Mushkilat al-Qawa'id, Qum, Cibiyar Wallafa ta Musulunci., 1416H.
- Azimabadi, Muhammad Shams al-Haqq, Awn al-Ma'bud, Beirut, Gidan Wallafa Littattafan Ilimi, 1415H.
- Ar-Ri'ayah li Tajwid al-Qira'ah wa Tahqiq Lafz at-Tilawah», shafin Al-Mawsu'ah al-Qur'aniyyah, ranar dubawa: 21 Afrilu 2025 Miladiyya.
- Bahrani, Yusuf bn Ahmad, Al-Hada'iq an-Nadirah fi Ahkam al-'Itrah at-Tahirah, Qum, Ofishin Wallafe-wallafen Musulunci)., 1405H.
- Bissah al-Misri, Mahmud bn Ali, Al-'Amid fi Ilm at-Tajwid, tahkikin Muhammad as-Sadiq al-Qamhawi, Iskandariyyah, Gidan al-'Aqidah, 1425H/2004M.
- Fakhr Razi, Muhammad bn Umar, At-Tafsir al-Kabir, Beirut, Gidan Wallafa don Raya Gadon Larabawa, babu kwanan wata.
- Gulpaygani, Sayyid Muhammad Ridha, Tawdih al-Masa'il (Farsi), Qum, Gidan Al-ƙur'an al-Karim, 1413H.
- Hamadani, Ridha bn Muhammad, Misbah al-Faqih, juzu'i na 12, dubawa CibiyarCibiyar Ja'afariyya don Raya Gadon Tarihi, Qum, Barg-e Tuba, 1425H.
- Ibn Abidin, Muhammad Amin, Radd al-Muhtar 'ala ad-Durr al-Mukhtar: Sharh Tanwir al-Absar, Beirut, Gidan al-Fikr, 1415H.
- Ibn Jazari, Muhammad bn Muhammad, Ghayat an-Nihayah fi Tabaqat al-Qurra', Tehran, idan Littattafan Ilimi ko Gidan Wallafe-wallafen Ilimiyya, 1361Sh.
- Imam Khomaini, Sayyid Ruhullah, Tahrir al-Wasilah, Tehran, Cibiyar Tsarawa da Yada Ayyukan Imam Khomaini., 1421H.
- Muflih al-Qudat, Muhammad, tare da Ahmad Khalid Shukri da Muhammad Khalid Mansur, Muqaddimat fi Ilm al-Qira'at, Amman, Gidan Ammar, 1422H/2001M.
- Qaduri Hamd, Ghanim، «درآمدی بر علم تجوید قرآن کریم»، (Gabatarwa ga Ilimin Tajwidin Alƙur'ani Mai Girma.), Fassarar Hussein Alinaghian, a cikin mujallar Ilahiyyat wa Huquq-e Daneshgah-e Razawi, shekara ta huɗu, bazara 2004 Miladiyya.
- Tabataba'i Yazdi, Sayyid Muhammad Kazim, Al-'Urwat al-Wuthqa, Qum,Ofishin Wallafe-wallafen Musulunci, 1419H.
- Tahanawi, Muhammad Ali, Mawsu'at Kashshaf Istilahat al-Funun wa al-'Ulum, Beirut, Maktabar Lubnan Mai Wallafawa 1996M.
- Muhammadi, Muhammad Ali، «تاریخ و علل پیدایش تجوید»، (Tarikh da dalilan fitowar ilimin Tajwidi pdf ), A cikin mujallar Ma'refat, shekara ta ashirin da bakwai, lamba ta huɗu, Yuli 2018 Miladiyya.
- Qaduri, Ghanim, Abhath fi Ilm at-Tajwid, Amman, Dar Ammar, 1422H/2002M.