Ƙunar baƙin Wake Ko Ayyukan Ta'addanci

Daga wikishia
Banbance wannan ƙasida da Ayyukan Neman Shahada.

Ƙunar baƙin wake (larabci: العمليات الانتحارية) wani nau'in aiki ne na ta'addanci, wanda mutum yake tada bam a jikinsa tare da hallaka kansa domin ya kashe wasu mutane, mafi yawa shi aiki ƙunar baƙin wake akan yi shi ne domin addini da kuma siyasa, kuma mafi yawanci a ƙasashe da dama anfi kai wa ƴan shi'a hari ƙunar baƙin wake, kamar a ƙasashe irin su Iran, Afganistan, pakistan, Iraƙ, Siriya, [[Lubnan], Yaman da Najeriya. Gungun ƴan ta'addan takfiriyya, masu tsaurin ra'ayi, mutane Ahlus-sunna tareda siffanta ba'arin ƙungiyoyin muslunci a matsayin murtaddai musammam ma ƴan shi'a, suna kai hare-hare kan mutanan da suke kafirtawa, kuma cikinsu akwai ƙungiyar Alƙa'ida wanda take kai harin ƙunar baƙin wake kan ƴan shi'a da irin su Da'ish (isis), talban, Jabahatu Fatahi Sham, Boko Haram Jaishu Sahaba, Jaishu Muhammad da kuma Jundullah.

A fiƙihun musulunci da kuma fiƙihun shi'a a keɓance; ana ɗaukar harin ƙunar bankin wake a haramin ne kuma yana cikin manyan zuunubai. kuma shi harin ƙunar baƙin wake yana da bambanci da aikin neman shahada ta fuskanci abin da yake sawa ana yin su, neman shahada jihadi difa'i ne domin kare kai daga kafirci wannan kuma ya halasta a cikin yanayi na musamman da kuma sahhalewar Hakimul Shar'i, amma shi ayyukan ta'addanci mafi yawanci ya fi shafar ƴan ba ruwanmu.

An hakaito cewa ƙasashen da suka fi fama da hare-haren ƙunar bakin wake a tsakanin shekara ta 2011 zuwa 2021 sun haɗa da Afganistan, Somaliya da kuma Iraƙ. wasu masana suna ganin tarihin harin ƙunar baƙin wake ya faro ne tin daga 1980 zuwa 1990, kuma masu bibiyar harkar ta'addanci sun ce an zafafa kai hare-haren ƙunar bakin wake a shekara ashirin ɗin farkon ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya, kuma ana ganin cewa mamayar Amurika a Afganistan da Iraƙ yana daga cikin abin da ya yi sanadiyar kai ƙarin harin ƙunar bakin wake.

Muhimmanci Da Tasirin Harin Ƙunar Baƙin Wake

Ana ɗaukar wannann hari na ƙunar baƙin wake a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanya mai tasiri wajen kashe ƴan Shi'a idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ukan tada bama-bamai da ayyukan ta'addanci, saboda wahalar hana shi, saboda koyarwar addinin ɗan ƙunar-baƙin-wake, da yawan hasarar rayukan bil'adama, da tasirinshi a kafafen yaɗa labarai. da ƙunci na tinani da yake haifarwa.

A cewar masana, haƙiƙa ƴan ƙunan baƙin wakke suna samun horo daga daga ƙungiyoyi masu tsaurin ra'ayin addini, sannan suna da aƙidar cewa duk wanda ya mutu ta hanyar ƙunan baƙin wake ya mutu shahidi, kuma zai samu lada tare da shiga aljanna,, saboda haka zaka samu cewa ɗan ƙunan baƙin wake mutum ne mai matuƙar riƙo da addini, kuma yana farin ciki da hallaka kansa domin kashe mutanen da yake son kashewa, yana ganin ya yi jihadi ne kamar yadda yake rayawa a aƙidarsa[1]

Bisa abin da kwararrun masu bincike suka tabbatar, yana da wahalar gaske a iya hana aikin ƙunar baƙin wake, kai hatta lokacin da jami'an tsaro suka gano ɗan ƙunan baƙin wake, abu ne mai wahalar gaske shawo kansa, saboda shi ɗan ƙunan baƙin wake kamar misalin makami ne da yake tarwatsa hafsoshin jami'am tsaro ta hanyar hallaka kansa, saboda haka jami'an tsaro suna matuƙara shan wahala cikin fuskantar ɗan ƙunan bakin wake, musammam sinadarai masu fashewa za a iya cirata su a kowanne lokaci cikin zaɓar sabon karen bara.[2] a gefe guda kuma, ana cewa haƙiƙa nasarar aikin ƙunan baƙin wake yana komawa zuwa ga cewa wannan aiki yana sabbaba asarar rayuka masu yawan gaske cikin mafi ƙarancin farashi da aka kashe kansa.[3]

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke da tasiri na ayyukan ƙunar baƙin wake shi ne yawan adadin wadanda abin yake shafa. saboda lokacin da ɗan ƙunar baƙin wake ya isa gurin da zai kai hari wato cikin dandazon mutan, misalin husainiyoyi da masallatai, da sauran wuraren taruka inda suke so su kai hari, ta yadda yana iya kashe mutane da yawa gwargwadon iyawa.[4] A cewar wani bincike ayyukan ƙunar bakin wake kashi uku ne kawai cikin ɗari daga dukkan ayyukan ta'addanci, amma kuma adadin waɗanda yake ritsawa da su, ya kai 48 cikin ɗari.[5] A cewar masana, yawan wadanda abin yake shafa sakamakon hare-haren ƙunar bakin wake ya sa waɗannan hare-hare kan zama kan gaba kanun yaɗa labarai da kuma samun yaɗa labarai da dama. Wanda ya sanya ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci masu kafirta mutane suke ƙara ƙaimi da amfani da wannann dabara.[6]

Masu lura da al'amura na ganin cewa yawan maimaituwar hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake na shammace ba zato ba tsammani, da kuma shafar ɗimbin mutane da ba su ji ba su gani ba na ƙara matsin lamba na tunani na kafafen yaɗa labarai kan jami'an tsaro. Iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da ra'ayin jama'a sukan nuna yatsa da zargi kan gwamnati da jami'an tsaro, wanda hakan ke ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin ƴan ta'adda su ƙara ƙaimi.[7]

Ma'anar Ta'addaci

Robert Bet, wani mai bincike a fannin ta'addancin ƙunar baƙin wake, ya rubuta a ma'anar ta'addancin ƙunar baƙin wake cewa: ta'addancin kashe kai wani nau'in ta'addanci ne na musamman wanda ya ƙunshi mahara ƙari kan yin amfani da tashin hankali, maharan a shirye suke da su iya sadaukar da rayuwarsu don tabbatar da nasarar hare-harensu.[8] A cewar mai binciken ta'addanci Suzan Martin, hare-haren ƙunar bakin wake mafi yawanci yakan faru ne kan fararen hula a wuraren da ake fama da rikici.[9] kuma an bayyana harin ƙunar bakin wake daga cikin ayyukan ta'addaci mafi tsananin rashin tausayi.[10] ya zo a cikin bayanin ma'anar ta'addanci cewa shi ta'addanci a yaran larabci yana nufin kashe kai, kuma duk wanda ya kashe kanshi sabo da wani abu na duniya ba tare da dalili na shari'a ba ko dalili na hankali, to haƙiƙa ya kashe kan shi a banza.[11] kuma a cikin ƙamus na kambirij an bayyana ɗan ƙunar baƙin wake a matsayin mutumin da zai ɓoye bam a jikin shi da kashe kanshi domin kashe mutane.[12]

Ƙunar Baƙin Wake A Fiƙihun Shi'a

Kashe kai a Musulunci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mummuna kuma daya daga cikin manya-manyan zunubai, kuma aikata shi haramun ne, sakamakon masu yinsa shi ne cewa suna cikin ƴan wuta.[13] An ce “haƙƙin rai” haƙƙin Allah ne da aka ba mutum kafin ya zama haƙƙin ɗan adam.[14] na rayuwa, ma'ana yana da haƙƙin rayuwa a ɗaya bangaren kuma ya wajaba ya kiyaye shi da kare rayuwarsa.[15] kiyaye rai ya wajaba a kan ɗan Adam a mahangar Musulunci, kuma rashin kula da lafiya da kula da haƙƙin rayuwa haramun ne. Don haka babu shakka game da haramcinsa.[16] Malaman fiƙihu na Shi'a sun yi nuni da haramcin tauye ƴancin rayuwa daga mabubbugar shari'a guda huɗu wadanda su ne kur'ani da hadisai da hankali da ijma'i.[17]

Baya ga kashe kai, nazarin ayyukan ƙunar bakin wake ya hada da batun kashe wasu, tada tarzoma, tada zaune tsaye a cikin al'umma, da kuma matsin lamba na siyasa. An ce ba a bu ne da yake cuɗanye da ɗabi'ar shammace da rashin adalci da neman haramtacciyar manufa.[18] a mahangar ba'arin malaman shi'a ba zai yi wu muslunci ya goyi bayan ayyukan ƙunan baƙin wake ba, duba da cewa shi muslunci dama mazhabar shi'a yana ƙarfafar zaman lafiya da jin farin cikin ɗan adam, kuma yana ɗaukar haƙƙin rayuwa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman haƙƙoƙin bil adama. sun bayyana cewa, musulunci ya haramta kai harin ƙunar baƙin wake, kuma wannann wani abu ne da aka yi ittifaƙi a kansa tsakanin mazhabobin muslunci.[19]

Banbanci tsakanin harin ƙunar baƙin wake da neman shahada

Tushen ƙasida: Ayyukan Neman Shahada

Yin shahada ko jahadi abu ne da aka sani mutum yake yi da niyar neman kusanci ga Allah, kuma mutum ya san cewa zai yi shahada da niyar gamawa da maƙiya, amma ita wannna hanya ta shahada mutum yana binta ne yayin da ya zama babu wata hanya da zai bi domin warware matsalar shi, to sai ya bita kuma ya rasa ranshi ta wannan hanyar. malaman ahlus-sunna da Shi'a suna ganin halascin yin shahada ko jihadi amma idan aka kiyaye wasu sharuɗɗa.[20]

• Ya zamo daga Jihadi difa'i (jihadi domin kare kai). • Dole a nemi izinin Hakimi Shar'i; • Kada ya zamo an kashe wanda abin bai shafe shi ba. • Ya zama Jahadin za ayi shi ne a kan kafirai masu yaƙar musulunci masu karya alƙawairi, ba kan kowanne kafiri ba. • Kuma ya zama masalahar musulunci da musulmi ne zai sa ayi jahadin. • Kuma ya zamo hadafin yin jihadin shi ne hana zalinci da kuma yaƙar maƙiyan musulinci.[21]

Malamai sun ce ma'aunin da ake gane aikin neman shahada shi ne yin jihadi da kare kai, kuma ya zamo hadafin shi ne bada kariya ga addinin musulmi da dukiyarsu da mutincinsu.[22] amma ayyukan ƙunar baƙin wake mafi yawanci yana shafar mutanan da basu jiba ba su gani ba da musulmi.[23] sabo da su wahabiyawa da salafiyya sun yi imani da jihadi shi ne yaƙi domin faɗaɗa daular musulinci, kuma su wahabiyawa ba su yarda da aƙidar wani ba kai sai dai ka yi aƙidarsu, wato wata aƙida ba tada samuwa idan ba tasu ba, kuma su wahabiyawa da Salafawa suna yin aikin ƙunar baƙin wake domin kafa daular musulinci, da kuma kashe maƙiya Allah a tinaninsu.[24]

Yin Ƙunar Baƙin Wake Kan Ƴan Shi'a

A cewar masu bincike a fagen kai hare-haren ƙunar bakin wake, ƴan Shi'a a ƙasashen Musulunci daban-daban sun fuskanci hare-haren ta'addancin ƙunar baƙin wake daga ƴan ta'adda, kuma sun yi hasarar rayuka da dama da suka haɗa a ƙasashe irin su, Iran, Afganistan, Pakistan, Iraƙ, Siriya, Lubnan da Yemen sun shaida hare-haren ƙunar bakin wake akai-akai kan ƴan Shi'a.[25] Bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar kan tashe-tashen hankula na mazhaba, kungiyoyin ahlus-sunna masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi sun damu da ƙaruwar tasirin ƴan Shi'a, don haka suke kai musu hari.[26] shekarar 2016 ƙungiyoyin masu tsatstsauran ra'ayin ahlus-sunna ne suka kai hare-hare, hari guda 6224 wanda yake shi ne kashi 85% na dukkan hare-haren.[27] ma mujalla ta bayyana cewa, a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar tsakanin shekarar 2001 zuwa 2016 miladiyya, ƙungiyoyin ahlus-sunna masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi maimakon kai hari kan kafiran yammacin duniya ta mayar da hankali kan hare-haren da take kaiwa ga tsirarun musulmi waɗanda suke da'awar cewa sun yi ridda.[28] Daga cikin waɗanda suke kai waɗannan hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake da ake kai wa ƴan Shi'a, akwai; Al-ƙa'ida, ISIS (tsohon group na Ansar Assunnah), Taliban (reshen khurasan), Jabhatu Fatahi Assham, Boko Haram (Islamic State West Africa), Taliban Pakistan, Dakarun Sahabbai, da rundunar Muhammad da Sojojin Allah.[29]

Hara-haran ƙunar baƙin wake a tarihi

Masu bincike sun gano tarihin ta'addancin ƙunar bakin wake tun a shekarun 1960.[30] A wannann zamanin da muke ciki, sun ambaci cewa sojojin daular Jafan sun yi amfani da hanyar kai harin ƙunar bakin wake kan dakarun kawance a lokacin yaƙin duniya na biyu. A loƙacin yaƙin cacar baki[31] a tsakani shekara ta (1945-1991] an ce sojojin Arewacin biyatinam sun yi amfani da dabarar harin ƙunan baƙin wake a kan sojojin Amurka[32] kamar yadda aka anbato cewa Alƙa'ida a gabas ta tsakiya da kuma ƙungiyar Namarud a kudancin Asiya sune suka kai harin ƙunar baƙin wake a shekara ta 1950.[32] Amma a Iran akwai ƙungiyar da ake kira mujahidu ƙalƙi, waɗanda akafi sani da suna Munafuƙai sune farkon ƙungiya ƴan ta'adda masu kai harin ƙunar baƙin wake.[33] Ahmed Rashid da abokan shi sun ɗauki harin da Falasɗinawa suka kai wa Isra'ila a shekarar 1994 a matsayin ƙunar baƙin wake.[34]a daidai lokacin da mutane irin su Yusuf Alƙardawi wanda malami ne ahlus-sunna, suna ganin harin palaɗinawa kan Isra'il a matsayin jahadi da kare kai, kuma ɗaya ne daga cikin ayyukan shahada.[35] Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta Amurka: a duk yaƙe-yaƙe a Afghanistan da Iraki, ana kai harin ƙunar baƙin wake matsakaici a kowace rana.[36] An ce hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake a farkon ƙarni na uku miladiyya da ceceniya suka kai kan sojojin Rasha, Kashmiriyawa kan Indiya, Al-ƙa'ida kan Amurka, da harin 11 ga Satumba, 2001; Su ne hare-haren ƙunar bakin wake mafi muhimmanci da kuma mafi girma da aka rubuta a tarihi, kuma bayan haka hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake ya zama dabara ta zamani ga ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci.[37] Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci na Islama kamar Taliban, Al-ƙa'ida da ISIS ya ƙaru bayan 11 ga Satumba. yayin da adadin hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake da aka rubuta a duniya ya kai 315 tsakanin shekarar 1980 zuwa 2003 miladiyya;[38] yawan hare-haren sun kai 1191 a cikin shekarun 2011 zuwa 2015,[39] kuma a cikin 2007 kaɗai, an kai hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake guda 216 a Afghanistan da Pakistan.[40]

Hanyoyin Ayyukan Ƙunar Baƙin Wake

Wasu masu bincike sun gudanar da wani bincike mai alaƙa da ayyukan ƙunar baƙin wake da suka mayar da hankali kan hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake na ISIS, kuma sun lissafa abubuwa guda biyar a matsayin harin kunar baƙin wake da ƙungiyoyin takfiriyya suka ƙaddamar, ciki har da ISIS;[41] • Halifancin musulunci a tsarin tunani na ISIS; Wajibi ne dukkan mutane da al'ummomi su biya farashin samuwar halifanci da gwamnatinsu. • Jahadi a gun ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci suna ɗaukar shi a matsayin hanya guda ɗaya tilo domin yaɗa musulinci. • Shahada, a mahangar ISIS, Ayyukan ƙunar baƙin wake wani nau'in jihadi ne na wajibi, kuma kashe makiya Allah shahada ce. • Tashin hankali da anfani da ƙarfi a mahangar da'ish, ƴan da'ish suna ganin duk aiki ƙunar baƙin waken da yafi yawan tashin hankali da muni, to yana taimaka musu wajan jan hankali da samun mayaƙa. • ƙiyayya ga ƴan Shi'a, bisa ra'ayin da'ish ƴan shi'a ba musulmi kirki bane, sabo da haka ya kamata su tuba zuwa musulunci na gaskiya, idan ba haka ba, wajibi ne a yaƙe su da kashe su bakiɗaya.[42]

Masu lura da al'amura sun gano cewa, ƴan ƙunar baƙin wake kan yi amfani da bama-bamai da motar da aka dasa mata bama bamai da kuma balit mai fashewa. bugu da ƙari, amfani da bindigu, da yin garkuwa da jiragen sama su na daga cikin hanyoyin da ƴan ƙunar baƙin wake suke amfani da su.[43]

Ƙasashan da Akafi kai Hare-haren Ƙunar Baƙin Wake

A cewar rahoton cibiyar kula da ayyukan ta'addanci ta duniya (AOAV), a cikin shekaru goma tsakanin 2011 zuwa 2021, an sami rahoton hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake a ƙasashe 16, mafi yawan waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake, daga ƙasar Afghanistan, (Mutuwar fararen hula 927 da raunuka), Somaliya, (258) Iraƙi, (95) da Uganda (40).[44] An san Afganistan a matsayin ƙasa mafi rauni a duniya saboda kashi 65% na duk mace-macen waɗanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, sakamakon hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake sun faru a wannann ƙasa.[45] A cewar wasu masu bincike kan al'amuran ta'addanci; Jim kaɗan bayan kasancewar dakarun Amurka da na NATO a Afganistan, an fara kai hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake sannu a hankali, amma ba da jimawa ba a hankali ya ƙaru sosai. A cewar cibiyar tsaro da ta'addanci ta cibiyar nazarin yaƙin tekun fasha (Persian Gulf), ko da yake a cikin shekarun farko na kasancewar sojojin yammacin turai a Afganistan mun ga wasu ƙananan hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake (misali, hari ɗaya a 2002, hare-haren biyu a 2003). da kuma hare-hare guda shida a shekara ta 2004 miladiyya), amma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, guguwar ayyukan ƙunar baƙin wake ta yaɗu, kamar yadda a shekara ta 2006 an kai hari 118 na ƙunar baƙin wake.[46] A cikin 2007, adadin hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake ya kai 160.[47] Shugaban ƙungiyar haƙƙani, Sirajud-dini haƙƙani, ya yarda a shekarar 2021 cewa sansanin da yake jagoranta shi kaɗai ya aika da ƴan ƙunar baƙin wake 1050 a cikin shekaru goma da rabi da suka gabata.[48]

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Mbini Kasheh da Amede, “Moj Çahram Traorism und Ründhai Einde Traturisme Abainal milali,” shafi na 254-258.
  2. ↑ Mbini Kasheh da Amede, “Moj Çahram Traorism und Ründhai Einde Traturisme Abainal milali,” shafi na 254-258.
  3. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 154.
  4. ↑ Mbini Kasheh da Amede, “Moj Çahram Traorism und Ründhai Einde Traturisme Abainal milali,” shafi na 254-258
  5. ↑ HOMELAND SECURITY AFFAIRS, "Causes & Eɗplanations of Suicide Terrorism: A Systematic Reɓiew", Homeland security website.
  6. ↑ Mbini Kasheh da Amede, “Moj Çahram Traorism und Ründhai Einde Traturisme Abainal milali,” shafi na 254-258
  7. ↑ Mbini Kasheh da Amede, “Moj Çahram Traorism und Ründhai Einde Traturisme Abainal milali,” shafi na 254-258
  8. ↑ Andrew Eggers, ADDRESSING THE CAUSE: AN ANALYSIS OF SUICIDE TERRORISM, 2011, P. 3
  9. ↑ Martin, HANDBOOK OF TERRORISM PREɓENTION AND PREPAREDNESS, 2021, P764.
  10. ↑ Andrew Eggers, ADDRESSING THE CAUSE: AN ANALYSIS OF SUICIDE TERRORISM, 2011
  11. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 154.
  12. ↑ Cambridge Dictionary, "suicide bomber", Dictionary website
  13. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 152
  14. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 147
  15. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 147
  16. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 147
  17. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 147
  18. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 153
  19. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 153
  20. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 157-158. Muhammad Ali, “Mashruiyat Amaliyat Ishtishhadi az didgahe fuƙahaye muazir shieh wa ahlus-sunnat,” Yanar Gizo na Hawza.
  21. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 157-158. Muhammad Ali, “Mashruiyat Amaliyat Ishtishhadi az didgahe fuƙahaye muazir shieh wa ahlus-sunnat,” Yanar Gizo na Hawza.
  22. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 157-158.
  23. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakki hayati wa salbi an az manzare islam wa hukuk bainal milal bashae ba takid baramalitayi intihari,” shafi na 158
  24. ↑ Badakhshan, Shirzad wa Daɓand, “Tasirin amaliyta intihari juryane salafi-takfiri bar padideh islam herasi,” shafi na 150.
  25. ↑ Mohammadi Al-Mouti, Jalali da Shushtari, “Hakku hayatt wa salbe an az manzare islam wa hukuk baina milal bashar ba takidi bar amaliyati intihari ,” shafi na 154.
  26. ↑ Choi, Acosta, "Sunni Suicide Attacks and Sectarian ɓiolence", 2018, P5
  27. ↑ Choi, Acosta, "Sunni Suicide Attacks and Sectarian ɓiolence", 2018, P5
  28. ↑ Choi, Acosta, "Sunni Suicide Attacks and Sectarian ɓiolence", 2018, P4
  29. ↑ Choi, Acosta, "Sunni Suicide Attacks and Sectarian ɓiolence", 2018, P3-14
  30. ↑ Rashid, Ali Baig, and Malik, "The Pashtuns use of Suicide Bombing as a Military Operation in Afghanistan and Pakistan", 2021, P2
  31. ↑ Rashid, Ali Baig, and Malik, "The Pashtuns use of Suicide Bombing as a Military Operation in Afghanistan and Pakistan", 2021, P2
  32. ↑ Rashid, Ali Baig, and Malik, "The Pashtuns use of Suicide Bombing as a Military Operation in Afghanistan and Pakistan", 2021, P3
  33. ↑ باشگاه خبرنگاران جوان، «معرفي أولين گروهي که در إيران عمليات انتحاري انجام داد + فيلم»، موقع باشگاه الإلكتروني.
  34. ↑ Rashid, Ali Baig, and Malik, "The Pashtuns use of Suicide Bombing as a Military Operation in Afghanistan and Pakistan", 2021, P4
  35. ↑ Al-ƙaradawi, Fiƙh Jihadi, shafi na 1198 da 1199.
  36. ↑ Annual Reɓiew of Political Science, "The Rise and Spread of Suicide Bombing", Annual Reɓiew Website
  37. ↑ Rashid, Ali Baig, and Malik, "The Pashtuns use of Suicide Bombing as a Military Operation in Afghanistan and Pakistan", 2021, P4
  38. ↑ Wilkens , "Suicide Bombers and Society", 2011, P25
  39. ↑ Mbeni Kasheh da Amede, “Moj Çahram Traorism und Ründhai Einde Traturisme baina milali,” shafi na 256.
  40. ↑ Wilkens , "Suicide Bombers and Society", 2011, P25
  41. ↑ Najafzadeh da Jamali, "Nahsane shinasi amaliyati intihari dar guruhaye takfiri islami (mutalaat mauridi: ISIS a Iraki)," shafi 132.
  42. ↑ Najafzadeh da Jamali, "Nahsane shinasi amaliyati intihari dar guruhaye takfiri islami (mutalaat mauridi: ISIS a Iraki)," shafi 132.
  43. ↑ Badakhshan, Shirzad wa Dawɓand, “Tasir amaliyati juryane salafi-takfiri bar padideh islam herasi,” shafi na 159.
  44. ↑ AOAɓ, "Aɓerage ciɓilian casualties per suicide bombing globally rose 56% in 2021 compared to 2020, AOAɓ finds", Reliefweb.
  45. ↑ AOAɓ, "Aɓerage ciɓilian casualties per suicide bombing globally rose 56% in 2021 compared to 2020, AOAɓ finds", Reliefweb.
  46. ↑ Karzai, "Suicide Terrorism: The Case of Afghanistan", 2007, P35
  47. ↑ Wilkens , Suicide Bombers and Society", 2011, P25
  48. ↑ BBC Persian, "Siraj al-Din Haƙƙani ɓerstadn 1050 Mai Kisa da Bam Kamar 'Haƙƙani Network' Me Yasa Ya Ba Shi Tallafi Ga Kurdawa.", Gidan yanar gizon BBC.

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