Tarbiyyar Yaro

Daga wikishia

Tarbiyyar yaro (Larabci: تربية الأبناء) ma'ana samar da yanayi da duk wani tanadin renon yaro har zuwa girmansa, da nufin samar masa da kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'u ababen yabawa. Riwayoyin muslunci a wurare da daman gaske sun mayar da hankali kan batub tarbiyar yaro, cikin riwayoyin Ahlul-baiti (A.S) sun kasa tarbiyar yaro zuwa daurori guda guda uku daga lokacin da ya shiga shekara ta bakwai zuwa shekara ashirin da ɗaya, ko wace daura ɗaya daga cikin daurori tana da keɓantattun sharuɗɗa da ladubba.

Taka tsantsan daga duka da wulaƙanta yaro, sanya masa jin shi mutum ne mai daraja, kiyaye tsakatsaki da adalci cikin ba'arin asalai da dokokin tarbiyyar yaro waɗanda aka yi ishara da su cikin riwayoyi. Haka nan kiyaye wurare misalin mai da hankali da sanya lura cikin marhaloli daban-daban na girmansa, karatun yara, lura da sharuɗɗa shayarwa, nuna soyayya ga yara da sanya lura cikin zaɓar matar da zaka aura ta haifa maka yara, suna daga cikin batutuwa da aka yi ta maimaita magana kansu cikin riwayoyi game da tarbiyyar yara, bisa koyarwar muslunci, ƙari kan irin yadda halayen mahaifa suke da tasiri cikin tarbiyyar yaro, gado ma yana da nasa tasirin cikin tarbiyyar yaro.

Batun tarbiyyar yara daga mahangar malaman musulmi batu ne da ya jawo hankula. Khawaja Nasirid-dini Ɗusi, masanin falsafa da ilimin kalam a shi'a, ya yi bayanin hanyoyin tarbiyyar yara misalin gano ɗabi'a da tanadin da yaro yake tare da shi, samar masa da malaka kan ilimi ta hanyar maimaici da tunatar da shi akai akai, ladabtar da shi idan ya yi sakaci da ayyukan addini tare da aikata ayyuka marasa kyawu da cutar da mutane, haka kuma a horar da shi da sabawa da wahalhalu. Ibn Sina shi ma ya ƙarfafa cewa wajibi ko wane yaro a horar da shi da tarbiyantar da kan asasin tanadin da yake da shi, ka da a sake da kowa ne irin dalili ace za a ɗorawa yaro wani abu ba tare da la'akari da kuma kallon tanadin da yake da shi, sabida yin hakan yana da ma'anar rashin la'akari da bambance-bambance na tushe wanda wanda daga ƙarshe zai lalata duka abin da aka gina da farko.

Muhimmancin Da Matsayi

Wata gaɓa daga risalatul huƙuƙ Imam Sajjad (A.S) game da tarbiyyar yara:
Amma shi haƙƙin ɗanka ka sani cewa shi ɗin daga gareka yake, tare da kirkinsa da rashin kirkinsa da kai dai yake danganewa ka yi tunanin haka ko baka yi ba shi dole da sunansa ɗanka, sannan game da nauyi da aka ɗora maka ma'ana kai ɗin abin tambaya ne ciki yaya ka yi masa tarbiyar mai nagarta, shiriyar da shi zuwa ga Allah azza wa jalla da taimakonsa cikin biyayya ga Allah. saboda haka ka yi aiki cikin al'amarinsa misalin wanda ya san cewa za a bashi lada kan kyautata masa kuma za a masa uƙuba kan munana masa.

Shaik Saduƙ Man La Yahduruhul Al-faƙihu j 2 shafi na 622

Tarbiyyar yaro yana cikin haƙƙoƙinsa na tushe da suka a kan mahaifansa.[1] a mahangar masana tarbiyya, wannan lamari yana da ma'anar samar da yanayi da duk wata sharar fage cikin reno da tarbiyya da kuma fito da kuma gano irin tanadin da yaro yake da sh.[2] a ra'ayinsu, manufar tarbiyyar yaro shi ne haɓɓaka sasanni na ruhi da gangar jikin yaro cikin maslahohin duniya da na lahira.[3]

Tarbiyyar yaro a cikin riwayoyin muslunci ta kasance abu da aka matuƙar himmatu da damuwa kansa.[4] kan asasin riwayoyin muslunci, uba da uwa suna waɗanda nauyin tarbiyya yaro take wuyansu.[5] Imam Ali (A.S) cikin ƙarin bayanin aya ta 6 suratul tahrim, ya gabatar da mas'alar tarbiyyar yaro matsayin wani nauyi da yake wuyan muminai wanda cikin kiyaye shi ne za su tsiran daga shiga wuta.[6] cikin madogaran shi'a, kamar yadda uba da uwa suka kasance sababin samuwar gangar jikin ɗansu, to su ne maɓuɓɓugar halayen ɗan da suka haifa.[7]

Imam Sajjad (A.S) shi ma cikin risalatul huƙuƙ tasa, ya keɓance wani sashe game da bayani kan haƙƙoƙin yaro, cikin wannan sashe ya yi ishara game da nauyin da yake kan iyaye game da tarbiyyar yaro tare da aiki da koyarwa, ya kuma nuna cewa makomar yaro ta dogara ne da nau'in tarbiyyar da iyayensa suka masa.[8]

Galibin Batutuwan Da Akayi Bahasi Kan Tarbiyyar Yaro A Cikin Riwayoyi

Ba'arin masu zurfafa bincike, tare da dogon bincike mai tarin yawa kan maudu'ai da suke da alaƙa da tarbiyyar yaro daga littafin Usulul Al-kafi, wannan wurare da za su zo a ƙasa an gabatar da su matsayin take guda goma da aka fi amfani da shi kan tarbiyya yaro: La'akari da mabambantan marhalolin girman yaro, kula da karatun yara, sharuɗɗan shayar da yaro nono, nuna soyayya ga yaro, nutsuwa cikin zabar da mata ko miji, albarkar yaro mai tarbiyya, ingantacciyar tarbiyyar yara, kyawawan al'adu, tasirin ladabtar da yaro da jan kunnensa a cikin tarbiyya, sanyawa yaro kyakkyawan suna.[9]

Haka nan sun karkasa marhalolin tarbiyya zuwa gida uku, kafin haihuwa, bayan haihuwa da bayan yarinta, sun tafi kan cewa maudu'in mafi yaɗuwa cikin riwayoyin da suka keɓantu da bayanin marhalolin tarbiyya sun kasance marhalolin da da za su a ƙasa:

  • Marhalar kafin haihuwa: nutsuwa cikin zaɓar mata;
  • Marhalar bayan haihuwa: tare da lura da sharuɗɗan mai shayarwa da mai reno da kuma zaɓa masa suna da ya dace,
  • Marhalar bayan yarinta: kiyaye asalai da ƙa'idojin tarbiyyar yaro, misalin ladabtarwa da gargaɗinsa, tarbiyyar ta jinsi ga yaro. Cika alƙawari a gaban idanun yaro.[10]

Ba'arin Nuƙɗoɗin Tarbiyya Daga Cikin Riwayoyi

Cikin riwayoyi da suka zo daga Imaman shi'a za mu iya ishara da adadinsu da suke da tasirin gaske cikin tarbiyyar yaro; misalin ƙauracewa dukan yaro,[11] rashin wulaƙanta shi,[12] sanya masa jin cewa shi mutum ne mai daraja,[13] daidaito da tsakatsaki cikin tarbiyyar yaro,[14] kiyaye tsakatsaki, cika alƙawari,[15] tarbiyantar da yaro tun daga ƙananan shekaru[16] da koyar da shi al'amuran addini da zamantakewa.[17] Usluban Tarbiyya A Wurin Ahlul-baiti (A.S)

Ba'arin masu dandaƙe bincike, sun raba usluban tarbiyya a wurin Ahlul-baiti (A.S) zuwa gida uku:

  • Yankakkun uslubai tabbatattu: sune wurare misalin tausasawa, nasiha, mutunta kai, rashin nuna bambanci;
  • Usulubai na gyara: wurare misalin afuwa, kau da kai, kwaɗaitarwa ladabtarwa wace ta dace, yin wasa, zuwa da shi tarurrukan addini;
  • Usulubai na kinaya: wurare misalin nasiha a sirrance, shirya musabaƙa, miƙa ba'arin ayyuka ga hannun yaranka.[18]

Daurori Uku Cikin Tarbiyyar Yaro

Cikin riwayoyin shi'a an kasa tarbiya yara zuwa daurori guda uku daga daurar da yara suke shiga shekara ta bakwai wace ake wa yaro take da suna "Sayyid" shekara bakwai ta biyu "Mai biyayya da miƙa wuya" bakwai ta uku kuma ana masa take da suna "Minisata shugaba".[19]

Ba'arin malamai su ɗaukar waɗannan daurori guda uku cewa suna ɗabbaƙuwa ne a lokacin yarinta, samartaka, da lokacin da yaro yake matashi.[20] wasu kuma sun tafi kan cewa wannan usulubin tarbiyya yana taimakawa wajen samar da kyawawan halaye da mutuntaka cikin yaro tare da samuwar siffofi na ruhi da mu'amaloli da suke da cewa da tsarin halitta a cikin wannan yaro.[21]

Tasirin Tsarkakar Uwa Da Ayyukan Uba A Tarbiyyar Ɗansu

Kan asasin bincike, yaro yana farawa da gadon halayen mahaifiyarsa kafin babansa, cikin wannan batu an yi ishara zuw aga ba'arin riwayoyi da ayoyi misalin aya ta 28 suratul maryam;[22] sakamakon cikin wannan aya an yi ishara da tasirin rashin tsarkin uwa da mutanen sayyida maryam suka faɗa game da mahaifiyarta, daidai lokacin da kowa ya san cewa mahaifiyarta ta mutu tun tana yarinya ƙarama.[23]

Game da tasirin ayyukan mahaifi kan tarbiyyar yaro na gari, wasu malamai sun jingina da aya ta 49 wace cikinta aka yi ishara ga ma azurta Annabi Ibrahim (A.S) da tsarkakakkun ƴaƴa guda biyu ma'ana Yaƙub (A.S) da Is'haƙ (A.S) Ya samu wannan kyauta sakamakon tsarin ayyukansa na ƙauracewa bautar wanin Allah.[24]

Tarbiyyar Yaro Daga Mahangar Malaman Addinin Muslunci

Cikin ba'arin matanan akhlaƙ, an yi nasihohi ga iyaye: ƙarfafa yanayi da kunya cikin yaro, koyar da shi ladabin cin abinci, ladabin sanya tufafi, ladabin zaɓar aboki, koyar da karatu da rubutu, koyar da shi kur'ani da hadisi da kyawawan waƙoƙi, hira da wasa, daga ƙarshe abubuwa da suke da alaƙa da bayan balagarsa, misalin tsayar da sallah da azumi da ba'arin taklifai da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a da suka yake buƙatuwa da su.[25] Khawaja Nasirid-dini Ɗusi, malamin kalam na shi'a kuma masanin falsafa, ya yi umarni da bin usulubai da bayanin zai zo ƙasa cikin tarbiyyar yaro:

  • Gano ɗabi'ar yaro da tanadi da kuma baiwar da yake tare da ita
  • Samar masa da mallaka kan ilimomi ta hanyar maimaici da tunatar da shi karatu akai akai,
  • Ladabtar da shi duk lokacin da yaƙi sauke wazifarsa ta addini da kuma samunsa da aikata lefuka marasa kyawu ko cutar da mutane,
  • Horar da shi sabawa da wahala.[26]

A mahangar Ibn Sina Tarbiyya Yara tana da marhaloli guda shida:

  • Marhala ta farko (Bayan haihuwarsa) zaɓa masa kyakkyawan suna da shayar da shi lafiyayyen nono,
  • Marhala ta biyu (Bayan yaye shi) wasa da koyar da kyawawan halayen yaro
  • Marhala ta uku (Lokacin da ya shiga shekara ta shida) koyar da shi karatun kur'ani da ilimi,
  • Marhala ta huɗu: koyar da shi sana'a,
  • Marahala ta biyar: koya masa aiki,
  • Marhala ta shida: samar masa da tsarin cin gashin kai da dogara da kai.[27]

Ibn Sina ya ƙarfafa cewa ko wane ɗaya daga cikin yaranka wajibi ne a ɗora kan tsarin abin da yake da tanadi da baiwarsa, baya halasta a daidaita yara kan abu guda tare da bambance-bambancen tanadi da baiwar da ko wanensu yake da ita , yin hakan daga ƙarshe zai jawo lalacewar komai.[28] cikin littafin ƙanun ya kawo bayanin tsarin cimaka da abincin da za a ciyar da yaro tun daga farkon yarintarsa har zuwa samartakarsa, cikin bayaninsa ya yi ishara da irin tasirin da abincin da ake ciyar da yaro yake da shi cikin lafiyarsa da tarbiyyarsa.[29]

Littafin Tarbiyate Dini Kodak, talifin Muhiyid-dini Ha'iri Shirazi

Sanin Littafi

A wasu rahotanni, an bayyana cewa litattafan tarbiyyar yara suna da nau'antaka sosan gaske, a dunƙule an rubuta su cikin tsarin rubutu guda biyu: ba'arin waɗannan litattafai misalin littafin "Ba Kudaket Zindagi Kon" (Ka raya tare da yaronka) talifin Duste Muhammadi, ya yi bahasin tarbiyyar yaro daga mahangar ilimin sanin halayyar ɗan Adam, ba'arin litattafan tarbiyya misalin "Usulu Ta'alim Wa Tarbiyat Kodak (daga mahangar muslunci da ilimin sanin halayyar ɗan Adam), talifin Faɗima Biyadi da Akbar Ranjibar, bahasi ne da ya haɗo mahangar addini da ilimin sanin halayyar ɗan Adam..[30] Sauran litattafai da aka rubuta a wannan fage su ne:

  • Tarbiyat Dini Kodak: wannan littafi an rubuta shi daga laccocin Ayatullahi Ha'iri Shirazi wace ya yi zama fiye da 70 cikinta a darasin tarbiyya da ya bayar tare da halartar ɗaliban ilimin tarbiyya a shekarar 2016, cibiyar Nashar Ma'arif ta ɗauki nauyin buga littafin..[31]
  • Littafin Tarbiyar Farzan Ba Ruyekerdi Fiƙihi, talifi Ali Rida A'rafi da Sayyid Naƙiyu Musawi: an buga wannan littafi a shekarar 2016 ta hannun mu'assasar Farhngi Honari Ishraƙ wa Irfan. An tsara wannan littafi cikin tsarin bijiro da tambayoyi cikin tarbiyyar yaro tare da kuma ba da amsoshi da suka dace da tambayoyin da aka yi, bisa lura da fihirisar jerin abubuwa da littafin ya ƙunsa, an yi la'akari da tarbiyyar aƙida, tarbɓiyyar soyayya, tarbiyyar jinsi da tarbiyyar horar d agangar jiki.[32]

Bayanin Kula

  1. ↑ وزیری فرد، «بررسی حقوق فرزند بر والدین و ارتباط این حقوق با تربیت و تأدیب وی»، ص۳.
  2. ↑ Shariatmadari, Ta'alim wa Tarbiyat Islami, 1379H, shafi na 3.
  3. ↑ Ansari, Ahkam wa Huqoq Kodkan Dar Islam, 1391 AH, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 554-551.
  4. ↑ Misali, duba Ibn Majah, Sunan Ibn Majah, 1373H, juzu'i na 2.
  5. ↑ قال رسول اللّه(ص): «ادّبُوا اوْلادَکُمْ فَانَّکُمْ مَسؤولُونَ عَنهم» (Farhadian, Walidaini wa Murabbiyan, ya ruwaito, 2013, shafi na 374.)
  6. ↑ Duba Allameh Tabatabai, Tafsir al-Mizan, 1417 AH, juzu'i na 19, shafi 689.
  7. ↑ Sheikh Sadouq, Man La Yahzara al-Faqih, 1413 AH, Juzu'i na 2, shafi na 622.
  8. ↑ Ibn Shu'uba, risalatul hukuk, B., shafi na 67
  9. ↑ Madadi,Tahlili Mutawayi Riwayat Tarbiyat Farzanddar kitabe Al-Kafi, 1400H, shafi na 35.
  10. ↑ Madadi, Tahlili Mutawayi Riwayat Tarbiyat Farzanddar kitabe Al-Kafi, 1400 AH, shafi na 38-78.
  11. ↑ Hilli, Uddatul al-Da’i, Al-Wagdani Library, shafi na 79; Kulayni, Kafi, 1407 BC, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 297; Sheikh Saduq, Min La Hadrahu Al-Faqih, 1413 Q, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 127.
  12. ↑ Sheikh Saduq, Min La Hadrahu Al-Faqih, 1413 Q, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 622; Kulayni, Kafi, 1407 AH, juzu'i na 6, shafi na 5.
  13. ↑ Dubi Farhadian, Wal Walidaini wa Murabbiyan Mas'ul, 2013, shafi 339-345
  14. ↑ Pourhosseini Leela Kawhi, barsi Rabiteh Jihatgeri mazhbai wa sabakehaye farzandeparwari, 1390, shafi na 30.
  15. ↑ Kulayni, Kafi, 1407 AH, juzu'i na 6, shafi na 49
  16. ↑ Kulayni, Kafi, 1407 AH, juzu'i na 6, shafi na 47.
  17. ↑ Sheikh Saduq, Min La Hadrahu Al-Faqih, 1413 Q, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 622; Kulayni, Kafi, 1407 AH, juzu'i na 6, shafi na 47-49.
  18. ↑ Nourbakhsh Habibabadi, Rushhayi Taribiti Ahl al-Bait (amincin Allah ya tabbata a gare shi) dar tarbiyate Farzand, 1396 AH, shafi na 22-103.
  19. ↑ Tabarsi, Makarim Al-Akhlaq, 1412 BC, shafi na 222.
  20. ↑ Farhadian, Ance Wal-Din wa Marabiyan Bayd Badanand, 1391 AH, shafi na 11.
  21. ↑ Shkohi Yekta, Mutala'eh tadbiki sabakehaye farzandeparwari, 2006, shafi na 124.
  22. ↑ Hosseinizadeh, Naqsh-e-Ratibat-i-Madar-Tarbet-e-Farzand-Az-Didgah-e-Islami, 1395 AH, shafi na 53-66.
  23. ↑ Nāgāh Kanīd Beh Sharif Lahiji, Tafsir, 1373, juzu'i na 3, shafi 16; Mughniyeh, Tafsir al-Kashif, 1424 AH, juzu'i na 5, shafi na 179.
  24. ↑ Marubuta, "Hakikat wa asare Itikaf", shafi na 67.
  25. ↑ Marubuta, "Gaskiya da Ayyukan Itikafi", shafi na 67.
  26. ↑ Sediq Aalam, Tarikh Farhang Iran, 1351, shafi na 166-139.
  27. ↑ Pourhosseini, Laila Kouhi, "Barsi Rabiteh Jihategiri mazhabi wa sabakehaye farzandeparwari", 1390, shafi na 37.
  28. ↑ Pourhosseini, Laila Kouhi, "Barsi Rabiteh Jihategiri mazhabi wa sabakehaye farzandeparwari", 1390, shafi na 38.
  29. ↑ Pourhosseini, Laila Kouhi, "Barsi Rabiteh Jihategiri mazhabi wa sabakehaye farzandeparwari", 1390, shafi na 38
  30. ↑ معرفی بهترین کتاب‌های تربیت کودک که هر والدینی باید بخواند!، سایت کتابراه
  31. ↑ تربیت دینی کودک، سایت نشرمعارف.
  32. ↑ تربیت فرزند با رویکرد فقهی، سایت پاتوق کتاب فردا.

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