Shedar Zur

Shedar zur (Larabci: شهادة الزور)tana daga cikin manya laifuka,shedar zur tana nufi mutum ya bada shedar kan abin da yasa cewa ba gaskiya ba ce,kuma malaman fiƙihu sun haramtata bisa dogaro da ayoyin ƙur’ani da hadisi, a mahangar malamai idan mai bada sheda tabayyana cewa ya yi ƙarya ta hanyar iƙrari da kan shi ko ta hanyar ilimi da alƙali yake da shi,to za’a hukunta wannan wanda ya bada shedar ƙarya da hukunci da alƙal yaga yadace, a lokacin da aka gano cewa shedar da masu sheda suka bayar ƙarya ce kafin zartar da hukunci, to ana za’a soke hukuncin da alaƙali ya shirya zartarwa, amma idan hakan ta bayyana bayan zurtar da hukunci, to waɗanna shedun su ne za su biya kuɗin da mutuma da akayiwa hukunci ya bayar, amma idan hukuncin da aka zartar na ƙisasi ne [wato hukuncin kisa] to anan suma shedu za’ayi musu hukuncin ƙasas ne wato hukuncin kisa ko kuma za’a yanke musu hukunci kan cewar su bada Diyya. Bisa ƙanun da dokoki na ƙasar Iraƙ shedar zur babban laifi ce kuma ana hukunta wanda ya aikata hakan da zama a gidan gyaran hali ko kuma tara.

Haɗari da matsayin shedar zur

Shiek ɗusi wanda ya yi wafati a shekara ta 460 hajirar manzon Allah S A W S ya faɗa a cikin littafin Almabsuɗ cewa shedar zur babban zunubi ce,[1] kazalika ya ƙara da cewa bayan shirka da Allah babu zunubin da yafi shedar zur girma,[2] amma a fiƙihu imamiyya akwaai babi mai suna sheda wanda a cikin shi ne ake ambatar hukunce hukuncen shedar zur.[3] Mahammad Mahammadi Al’ishtahardi malamin addini kuma marubucin shi’a wanda ya yi wafati a shekara 1427 hajirar manzon Allah amincin Allah ya tabbata a gareshi yace zuwa shedar zur kusa da bautar gumaka a alƙur’ani mai girma [4] yana nuni ne kan munin shedar zur,[5] kazalika nisantar shedara zur yazo a cikin ƙur’ani ɗaya ne daga cikin sifofin bayin Allah.[6].

Bayani kan shedar zur

Shedar zur tana nufi wani mutum ya bada sheda da gangan kan wani abu wanda bai sani ba, ko kuma sheda kan abin da yasa ba gaskiya bane,[7] wasu masana dokoki suna ganin cewa shedar zur tana daga cikin laifuka da ma’aikatar shari’a take ɗauka mataki a kai.[8]

Dalilin haramcin shedar zur

Shedar zur haramin ce a fiƙihun shi’a, kuma an kafa hujja da kan hramcinta da faɗar Allah maɗaukaki ﴿وَاجْتَنِبُوا قَوْلَ الزُّورِ﴾[٩] ku nisanci maganr zur imamu Kwamaini da Sayyid Ali Kamna’i suyi imani cewa wannan ayar da ta gabata tana nuni kan haramincin maganar da bata dace ba ita maganar da bata dace ba ta ƙunshi garya,shedar zur da kuma waƙa[10] Kamar yadda wasu daga cikin masu tafsiri suka tafi a kan haramcin shedar zur bisa dogaro da faɗain Allah maɗaukaki ﴿وَالَّذِينَ لَا يَشْهَدُونَ الزُّورَ﴾،[١١] wadan da basa shedara zur, kuma Sayyid Husaini albarjurdi ɗaya daga cikin malaman taƙalidi na shi’a ya kafa hujja kan haramcin shedar zur,[12] bisa gini kan wata ruwaya daga imamu Sadiƙ A S ga abin da yazo a cikin ruwayar mai shedar zur kafar shi ba zata gushe ba daga inda yake face wuta ta wajabta a gareshi .[13] Allama Hilli ya kafa hujji da wata ruwaya daga imamu Baƙir A S ga abin da yazo a cikinta cewa ba bu wani mutum wanda zai yi shedar zur kan wani musulmi domin kwace mishi wata dukiya bace Allah ya rubuta mishi wani guri sananne a cikin wuta.[14]

Hukunce-hukunce

Shedar zur tana daga cikin zunubai waɗan da basu da Haddi a shari’a,amma tana da Ta’azir wato alƙali ne zai yanke wana irin hukunci yadace ya yi, kuma shi Ta’azir ana kiranshi da ladabtarwa,ita ladabtarwa dokane amma wanda ba’a anbaci haddin shi ba a shari’a,[15] kuma sunna da shi’a sunyi ittifaƙi kan yin ta’aziri, illa iyaka akwai saɓani kan wasu bayananshi,misali malaman fiƙihu na shi’a sunyi ittifaƙi cewa yin ta’aziri ya haɗa da zagayawa ko shelanta mutuman ga mutane domin su sanshi sa kuma kunyatashi a gun mutane [16] kamar yadda shiek ɗusi ya bayyana haka ƙarara[17] amma akwai saɓani tsakanin malaman fiƙihu na sunna kan shelantashi a cikin mutane [18]

Hanyoyin tabbatar da shedar zur

• Tabbatarwa: shi mutum da kan shi ya tabbatar da shedarshi ba gaskiya bace kuma ya tabbatar da cewa yayi kuskure.
• Shedar wasu mutane: idan wasu suka bada sheda saɓanin shedar data gabata [20]
• Ilimin alƙali: wasu lokuta shi alƙali da kanshi ta hanyar daban-daban yana gano cewa shedar data gabata sheda ce ta zur.[21] Musɗafa almuhaƙƙi addamad yace ilimi alƙali a wanna gurin shi ake gabatarwa kan sauran dukkan dalilai.[22]

Abin da zai biyo bayan shedar zur a fiƙihu da ƙanun

An ambaci wasu abubuwa da za su biyo bayan shedar zur:

Suke hukuncin da aka yi

Shahidul Auwal wanda ya yi shahada a shekara ta 786, ya ambata a cikin littafinshi mai suna Duruss Shari’a cewa duk lokacin da aka gano cewa sheda ta ƙarya ce kafin zartar da hukunci,to anan alƙali zai soke hukuncin.[23] bisa mada ta 1319 a cikin ƙanunul Madani Alirani,idan sheda ya janye shahadar shi ko kuma tabayyana cewa shedarshi bata gaskiya bace,to ba’ayin hukunci da shedar shi.[24]

Biyan asara da yin ƙisasi

Ida tabayyana cewa shahada ta karya ce bayan yin hukunci,tofa shedu ne za su bayar da kuɗi ko dukiyar wanda akayiwa hukunci ya yi asara [wato wanda aka hukunta] [25] idan kuma yazamo hukuncin kisa ne ko kuma diyya kuma an zartar da hukuncin a kanshi,to anan za’a yiwa shedun hukunci na ƙisasi ko kuma su bada diyya.[26]

Zaman gidan gyaran hali da tara ta kuɗi

Wsu malamai fiƙihu sun yi hukunci bisa dogaro kan Sirar imamu Ali A S da yin hukunci kan tsare wanda ya bada shedar zur.[27] yazo a Mada ta 252 a ƙanunul Uƙuba Aliraƙuyya duk mutuman da ya bada shedar zur a kotu za’a yanke mishi hukunci zaman gidan kaso ko kuma tara ta kuɗi. Sai dai cewa wannan hukuncin ya babbata da hukuncin da yazo a cikin babil hudud da ƙisasi da kuma diyya wacce ta keɓanta da shedar sur.[28]

Rashin karɓar shedar shi bayan haaka

Bisa fatawa ta malaman fiƙihu na shi’a duk wanda ya bada shidar zur ,ba za’a ƙara karɓar shahadar shi ba a kotu, har sai ya tuba kuma yazama adili.[29]