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Daƙiƙa:Tauye Mudu

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Tauye mudu ko Taɗfif (Rage awo) yana nufin rage abin da ya kamata a bayar daga mudu, nauyi ko adadin kaya yayin ciniki. A fiƙihun Musulunci, tauye mudu haramun ne kuma ana ɗaukarsa daga cikin manyan zunubai; Alƙur'ani da hadisai sun yi hani a kansa. Malaman fiƙihu sun tabbatar da haramuncinsa bisa dalilai daga Alƙur'ani, Sunna, ijma'i da hankali.

Malaman fiƙihu ba su taƙaita tauye mudu ga kayan da ake aunawa ko ake auna su da mudu kawai ba; suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin duk wani nau'in rage wa mutane haƙƙinsu wajen sayar da kaya ko bayar da hidima. Saboda haka, ban da kayan da ake sayarwa da mita ko ƙirga, har da abubuwa kamar rashin cika aiki ko sakaci wajen gudanar da nauyin aiki ana ɗaukarsu daga cikin misalan tauye mudu.

Dokokin tarayyar Najeriya ƙarƙashin dokar (Weights and Measures Act) ana la'akari da tauye mudu matsayin cin amana.

Ma'anar Tauye Mudu (Ragi a Awo) da Hukuncinsa a fiƙihu

Tauye mudu ko Taɗfif yana nufin rage abin da ya kamata a bayar daga mudu, nauyi ko adadin kaya yayin sayarwa ga mai saya.[1] A cikin littattafan addini da fiƙihu, ana kiran wannan aiki da sunaye kamar "Taɗfif" (Ragi a awo), "bakhsi" (Rage haƙƙi), "Naƙsi" (Raguwa) da "Ikhsar" (Tauye abu).[2] Hadisan da suka shafi tauye mudu an fi tattara su a babin "Adabin Tijara" (ladubban kasuwanci) a cikin littattafan hadisi.[3]

Malaman fiƙihu sun bayyana cewa tauye mudu haramun ne kuma yana daga cikin manyan zunubai.[4] Shaik Ansari ya lissafa shi daga cikin ayyukan da suke haramun ne a zahirinsu, kuma duk wata mu'amala da aka gina a kansa ita ma haramun ce.[5] Jafar Subhani ya bayyana haramuncin tauye mudu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hukunce-hukunce tabbatattu kuma sanannu a fiƙihun Shi'a.[6] A cikin Alƙur'ani da hadisai, an yi wa masu tauye mudu barazanar azabar Allah.[7]

Misalan Tauye Mudu

A cewar Shaik Ansari, tauye mudu bai taƙaita ga kayan da ake aunawa da nauyi ko mudu kawai ba; yana shafar har da kayan da ake ƙirga ko auna su da mita, kamar yadi.[8]

Sayyid Abul Ƙasim Khuyi ya bayyana cewa ma'aunin tauye mudu shi ne duk wani rage wa wani haƙƙinsa saboda zalunci ko ha'inci. A ganinsa, ambaton mudu da nauyi a cikin hadisai an yi ne domin bayyana misali ne kawai, ba wai don taƙaita hukunci a kansu kaɗai ba.[9]

Saboda haka, wasu malamai kamar Nasir Makarim Shirazi, bisa ƙa'idar "Soke taƙaita abin da aka ambata" (Ilgha'u al-khususiyya), sun faɗaɗa hukuncin tauye mudu zuwa duk wani sakaci wajen gudanar da nauyi ko alhaki.[10] Don haka, rashin cika aikin malamai, ma'aikata, alƙalai da masu wa'azi, kamar jinkirin gudanar da aiki ko yin aiki ba tare da shiri ba, ana iya ɗaukarsa daga cikin misalan tauye mudu.[11]

Wasu masu bincike sun kuma faɗaɗa wannan hukunci zuwa ayyukan intanet. Misali, idan kamfanin intanet ya ba mai amfani da shi saurin sadarwa ko adadin bayanai (Data volume) ƙasa da abin da ya saya, sannan bai rama bambancin ba, ana ɗaukar hakan a matsayin tauye mudu.[12]

Haka kuma, sayar da kayan da aka riga aka shirya (Packaged goods) waɗanda abin da ke ciki ya yi ƙasa da adadin da aka rubuta a jikin marufin ko ƙasa da abin da aka saba samu, yana daga cikin misalan tauye mudu.[13]

Dalilan haramuncin Tauye Mudu

Malaman fiƙihu sun kafa haramuncin tauye mudu bisa manyan dalilai huɗu: Alƙur'ani. Hadisai. Ijma'i. Hankali[14]

Ayoyin Alƙur'ani

A cikin Alƙur'ani akwai ayoyi bakwai da suka yi amfani da kalmomi kamar taɗfif, bakhsi, naƙsi da ikhsar, waɗanda suka yi hani ga rage haƙƙin mutane, tare da umarni da cika mudu, yin adalci wajen awo, da bayar da haƙƙin mutane gaba ɗaya.[15]

Daga cikin waɗannan akwai farkon ayoyin Suratul Muɗaffifin, wadda ta fara da: "Wailun Lil Muɗaffifin" Wannan ayar tana zargin waɗanda idan suna saye suke karɓar haƙƙinsu cikakke, amma idan suna sayarwa sai su rage wa mutane haƙƙinsu.

Mafi yawan masu tafsiri sun fassara kalmar "Wailu" da cewa tana nufin barazanar azaba.[16] Wasu kuma sun bayyana cewa sunan wani wuri ne a cikin Jahannama.[17] Kalmar "Muɗaffif" tana nufin mutumin da yake rage mudu ko nauyi yayin awo.[18]

Riwayoyi

An kuma dogara da hadisai wajen tabbatar da haramuncin tauye mudu.[Akwai buƙatar kawo madogara] A wani hadisi, Imam Ali (A.S) ya kira ƴan kasuwa zuwa koyon hukunce-hukuncen kasuwanci kafin su fara sana'a, kuma ya ware ɗan kasuwar da ba zai shiga azabar Allah ba da wanda yake cika haƙƙinsa da na mutane gaba ɗaya.[19] Imam Rida (A.S) shi ma ya bayyana rage mudu da ma'auni a matsayin daga cikin manyan zunubai.[20]

Haka kuma, a wani hadisin Annabi (S.A.W), an bayyana tauye mudu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suke jawo yaɗuwar cututtuka, yunwa, wahalar rayuwa da mulkin azzalumai a cikin al'umma.[21]

Ijma'in Malamai

A cewar Sayyid Abul Ƙasim Khuyi, mafi yawan malaman Musulunci sun ɗauki tauye mudu a matsayin haramun.[22] Allama Hilli[23] da marubucin Miftahul Karama[24] sun yi iƙirarin cewa akwai ijma'i a kan wannan hukunci.

Sai dai Jawad Tabrizi ya bayyana cewa wannan ijma'i ya samo asali ne daga ayoyin Alƙur'ani da hadisai, don haka ba ya ɗaukar shi a matsayin hujja mai zaman kanta.[25] A ra'ayinsa, ana iya tabbatar da haramuncin tauye mudu ta hanyar Alƙur'ani, hadisai da hankali.[26]

Dalilin Hankali

Malaman fiƙihu suna ɗaukar tauye mudu a matsayin wani nau'i na zalunci. Tunda hankali yana ganin zalunci a matsayin mummunan abu, hakan yana tabbatar da haramuncinsa.[27] Sayyid Abul Ƙasim Khuyi ya ɗauki wannan hukunci daga cikin abubuwan da hankali yake gane su kai tsaye (Mustaƙillatul Aƙliyya).[28]

A gefe guda kuma, Sayyid Taƙi Ɗabaɗaba'i Ƙummi yana ganin cewa hankali shi kaɗai ba ya isa wajen tabbatar da hukuncin shari'a.[29] Saboda haka, ya danganta haramuncin tauye mudu da ayoyin Alƙur'ani da hadisai.[30]

A dokokin Najeriya, ƙarƙashin dokar (Weights and Measures Act) "Tauye mudu" na nufin cin amana ta hanyar rage ma'auni ko awo, wato sayar da kaya da mudu/awo ƙasa da adadin da aka bayyana ko aka amince da shi. dokar [31] bugu da kari sashe na ɗaya ya hana ƙarƙashin doka Trade Malpractices (Miscellaneous Offences) Act, ya haramta amfani da ma’auni ko kayan awo ta hanyar da za ta haifar da yaudara a ciniki; Sashe na 6 kuma ya danganta aiwatar da wannan dokar da Weights and Measures Act.[32]


Batutuwa Masu Alaƙa

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Shaik Ɗusi, Tafsir At-Tibyan, juzu'i na 10, shafi na 295; Shaik Ansari, Kitabul Makasib, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 199.
  2. ↑ Subhani, Al-Mawahib, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 415.
  3. ↑ Kulaini, Al-Kafi, juzu'i na 10, shafi na 15; Hurru Amili, Wasa'ilush Shi'a, juzu'i na 12, shafi na 282.
  4. ↑ Hilli, Ƙawa'idul Ahkam, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 10.
  5. ↑ Shaik Ansari, Kitabul Makasib, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 163.
  6. ↑ Subhani, Al-Mawahib, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 415.
  7. ↑ Najafi, Jawahirul Kalam, juzu'i na 13, shafi na 320.
  8. ↑ Shaik Ansari, Kitabul Makasib, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 199.
  9. ↑ Khuyi, Misbahul Faƙaha, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 386.
  10. ↑ Izadi Fard, Husain Kavyar, «Barrasiye Fiƙhiye Kam-furushi dar Mu'amelat,» shafi na 113.
  11. ↑ «Hukme «Kamfurushi» dar Islam wa Sarneshte Kamfurushan,» shafin Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Ofishin Ayatullahi Makarim Shirazi.
  12. ↑ Muhammadi Rad wa Mamaƙani, «Ƙalamruye Kamfurushi dar Fiƙh wa Huƙuƙe Iran,» shafi na 208.
  13. ↑ Muhammadi Rad wa Mamaqani,Ƙalamruye Kamfurushi dar Fiƙh wa Huƙuƙe Iran, shafi na 208.
  14. ↑ Khuyi, Misbahul Faƙaha, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 384; Shaik Ansari, Kitabul Makasib, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 199.
  15. ↑ Suratul A'araf, aya ta 85; Surar Hud, ayoyi na 84-85; Surar Shu'ara, aya ta 183; Surar Muɗaffifin, ayoyi na 1-3; Suratul Rahman, aya ta 9; Suratul Shu'ara, aya ta 181.
  16. ↑ Shaik Ɗusi, Tafsir At-Tibyan, juzu'i na 10, shafi na 295.
  17. ↑ Isfahani, Al-Mufradat fi Gharib al-Qur'an, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 888.
  18. ↑ Ɗabrisi, Majma'ul Bayan, juzu'i na 10, shafi na 295.
  19. ↑ Kulaini, Al-Kafi, juzu'i na 10, shafi na 15-16.
  20. ↑ Shaik Saduƙ, Uyun Akhbarir Rida (A.S), juzu'i na 1, shafi na 134.
  21. ↑ Shaik Saduƙ, Sawabul A'amal, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 252.
  22. ↑ Khuyi, Misbahul Faƙaha, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 384.
  23. ↑ Hilli, Tazkiratul Fuƙaha, juzu'i na 12, shafi na 148.
  24. ↑ Husaini Amili, Miftahul Karama, juzu'i na 12, shafi na 299.
  25. ↑ Tabrizi, Irshaduɗ Ɗalib, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 132.
  26. ↑ Tabrizi, Irshaduɗ Ɗalib, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 132.
  27. ↑ Zehni Tehrani, Tashrihul Maɗalib, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 427.
  28. ↑ Khuyi, Misbahul Faƙaha, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 385.
  29. ↑ Ɗabaɗaba'i Ƙummi, Umdatul Maɗalib, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 178.
  30. ↑ Ɗabaɗaba'i Ƙummi, Umdatul Maɗalib, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 178.
  31. ↑ WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ACT /https://lawsofnigeria.placng.org/laws/W3.pdf?
  32. ↑ https://lawsofnigeria.placng.org/print.php?

Nassoshi

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