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Daƙiƙa:Shekarar Hijira Ƙamariyya

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Shekarar Hijira ta Ƙamariyya shi ne tsarin ƙirga lokaci wanda ake lissafa shi bisa juyawar wata a kewayensa, kuma Musulmi suna amfani da shi wajen gudanar da ibadunsu da bukukuwan addininsu.

Asalin fara ƙirgar kalandar Hijira ta Ƙamariyya shi ne Hijirar Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) daga Makka zuwa Madina, wadda ta faru a shekara ta 622 Miladiyya. Bisa ga mashahurin ra'ayi, an kafa shekarar Hijira ta Ƙamariyya a matsayin kalandar Musulmi ne bisa shawarar Imam Ali (A.S) a lokacin halifancin Umar Bin Khaɗɗab.

Shekarar Ƙamariyya tana da kwanaki 354 ko 355, kuma ta fi shekarar rana (Luna calendar) ko Miladiyya gajarta da kusan kwanaki 10 ko 11. Wannan kalandar tana farawa da watan Muharram, kuma tana ƙarewa da watan Zil-Hijja.

Bisa wasu ruwayoyi, watan Ramadan shi ne watan farko na shekarar Ƙamariyya, saboda haka a wasu littattafan addu'o'i ana fara ayyukan shekarar Ƙamariyya da ayyukan watan Ramadan, sannan a ƙare da ayyukan watan Sha'aban. Sayyid Ibn Ɗawus, masani a fannin hadisi daga malaman Shi'a na ƙarni na bakwai bayan Hijira, ya yi hasashen cewa Ramadan shi ne farkon shekarar ibada, yayin da Muharram shi ne farkon shekarar da ake danganta al'amuran tarihi da bukukuwa.

Watannin shekarar Ƙamariyya a jere su ne: Muharram Safar Rabi'ul Awwal Rabi'us Sani, Jumadal Awwal Jumadas Sani Rajab Sha'aban Ramadan Shawwal Zul-Ƙa'ada Zulhijja.

Muhimmanci Da Matsayi

Shekarar Ƙamariyya ita ce tsarin ƙirga lokaci da ake lissafa shi bisa juyawar wata. Saboda asalin fara wannan ƙirga ya samo asali ne daga Hijirar Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) a shekara ta 622 Miladiyya, shi ya sa ake kiranta da Shekarar Hijira ta Ƙamariyya.[1] Musulmi suna gudanar da ayyukan addininsu bisa wannan shekarar Hijira ta Ƙamariyya; saboda haka ana kuma kiran kalandar Hijira ta Ƙamariyya da kalandar Musulunci.[2]

Har zuwa kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko (1914–1918 M), tsarin ƙirgar Hijira ta Ƙamariyya shi ne tushen tarihin hukuma a ƙasashen Musulmi, kuma ana rubuta abubuwan da suka faru da abubuwan tarihi bisa wannan tsarin.[3]

A ƙasar Iran, an amince da dokar maye gurbin Buruji (Watannin taurari) da watannin Farisa a ranar 11 ga Farwardin 1304 Sh, a lokacin mulkin Pahlawi, inda aka mayar da tarihin Shamsiyya a matsayin tarihin hukuma maimakon na Ƙamariyya.[4] Haka kuma a Afghanistan, a shekara ta 1301 Sh, tarihin Shamsiyya ya maye gurbin tarihin Ƙamariyya.[5] A ƙasar Saudiyya kuwa, daga shekara ta 1439 H/1396 Sh, an maye gurbin tarihin Ƙamariyya da kalandar Miladiyya.[6]

Allama Tehrani a cikin littafinsa Risala-ye Nowin ya yi amfani da aya ta 73 a cikin Suratul Tauba [Tsokaci 1], inda ya bayyana cewa shekarun Ƙamariyya su ne shekarun da Musulunci da Alƙur'ani suka amince da su. Ya yi watsi da ra'ayin raba tsakanin shekarun Ƙamariyya da Shamsiyya, wato amfani da shekarun Ƙamariyya wajen ayyukan ibada kawai, sannan a yi amfani da shekarun Shamsiyya a sauran harkokin rayuwa.

Ya ɗauki wannan rarrabawa a matsayin saɓawa ga bayyanannen nassin Alƙur'ani, Sunnar Annabi (S.A.W), tafarkin Imamai tsarkaka, malaman Musulunci, har ma da al'adar gaskiya ta dukkan Musulmi. Haka kuma ya bayyana cewa wannan hanya tana ci gaba da haifar da raba addini da siyasa.

A ra'ayinsa, wannan rarrabawa za ta yanke alaƙar ilimi tsakanin al'ummar yanzu da waɗanda suka gabata; domin tun daga farkon Musulunci har zuwa yau, dukkan littattafan tafsiri, hadisai da tarihi sun kasance suna rubuta lokutan abubuwa da abubuwan da suka faru ne bisa shekarun Ƙamariyya da watannin Ƙamariyya.

Haka kuma ya ɗauki wannan rarrabawa a matsayin abin da ke hana haɗin kan Musulmi a duniya. Ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata dukkan Musulmi su dogara da tarihin Ƙamariyya. Idan kowace al'umma za ta zaɓi nata tsarin tarihi daban ko Shamsiyya, ko Miladiyya, ko Zardushtiyya, ko Korushiyya da sauransu to za su bi wata hanya da ta saɓa wa hanyar Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W), kuma hakan zai haifar da rarrabuwar al'ummomin Musulmi da raunana haɗin kansu.[7]

Hijirar Annabi Ita Ce Tushen Fara Tarihin Hijira Ƙamariyya

Bisa ga rahotannin tarihi, tushen fara tarihin Hijira ta Ƙamariyya shi ne shekarar da Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina. Amma game da lokacin da aka yanke wannan shawarar, akwai bambancin rahotanni.

A cewar wasu rahotanni, sanya Hijirar Annabi zuwa Madina a matsayin farkon tarihin Musulunci ya faru ne a lokacin halifancin Umar bn Khaɗɗab, a shekara ta 17 ko 18 bayan Hijira.[8]

Bisa ga rahotannin tarihi, Abu Musal Ash'ari ya kai ƙorafi a cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga Umar bn Khaɗɗab game da rashin samun tsayayyen tsarin tarihi; domin wasiƙu daga halifa na biyu suna isa gare shi, amma saboda ba a rubuta kwanan wata a kansu ba, yana samun matsala wajen gane wanne ne ya gabata da wanne ne ya biyo baya.[9]

Saboda haka, Umar Bin Khaɗɗab ya kafa wata majalisa domin tsara tarihin Musulunci.[10] A cikin wannan majalisa, an gabatar da abubuwa uku a matsayin yiwuwar tushen tarihin Musulunci: aiko Annabi (Bi'isa), wafatin Annabi (S.A.W), da hijirarsa.[11] Daga ƙarshe, shawarar Imam Ali (A.S) wadda ita ce a sanya Hijirar Annabi (S.A.W) daga Makka zuwa Madina a matsayin tushen ƙirgar lokaci, ita ce aka amince da ita, kuma ta zama farkon shekarar tarihin Musulunci.[12]

A cewar wasu rahotanni daban, bayan hijirar Annabi zuwa Madina, da umarninsa ne aka sanya hijira a matsayin tushen tarihin Musulunci.[13]

A cewar Jafar Subhani, malamin fiƙihu, ilimin tauhidi da tarihi daga malaman Shi'a, akwai wasu wasiƙu da aka rubuta tun zamanin Annabi (S.A.W) waɗanda suke ɗauke da tarihin shekarar Ƙamariyya. Daga cikinsu akwai: Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Annabi (S.A.W) da Kiristocin Najran wadda aka rubuta da kwanan watan shekara ta biyar Hijira Ƙamariyya.[14] Wasiyyar Annabi (S.A.W) zuwa ga Salmanul Farisi, wadda Imam Ali (A.S) ya rubuta da hannunsa bisa umarnin Annabi, tare da kwanan watan shekara ta tara Hijira ta Ƙamariyya.[15]

Watan Farko Na Shekarar Ƙamariyya

Shekarar Ƙamariyya tana farawa da watan Muharram kuma tana ƙarewa da watan Zil-Hijja.[16] Kafin a sanya Hijirar Annabi (S.A.W) a matsayin tushen tarihin Musulunci, shekarar Ƙamariyya ta kasance sananniya a wajen Larabawa da Yahudawa, kuma tana farawa ne da watan Muharram.[17] Saboda haka, bayan sanya Hijira a matsayin tushen tarihin Musulunci, an gabatar da watan Ramadan da watan Muharram a matsayin watannin da za a fara shekarar Ƙamariyya da su. Daga ƙarshe, halifa na biyu (Umar Bin Khaɗɗab) ya amince da a fara ta da watan Muharram.[18]

Shaik Ɗusi, malamin fiƙihu da hadisi na Shi'a a ƙarni na biyar bayan Hijira, ya bayyana cewa bisa ga mashahuran ruwayoyin Shi'a, watan Ramadan shi ne farkon shekarar Ƙamariyya. Saboda haka, a cikin littafinsa Misbahul Mutahajjid, ya fara bayanin ayyukan shekarar Ƙamariyya da ayyukan watan Ramadan.[19]

Haka kuma, ya la'akari da watan Rajab a matsayin ƙarshen watannin alfarma,[20] sannan ya kammala ayyukan shekarar Ƙamariyya da ayyukan watan Sha'aban.[21]

Sayyid Ibn Ɗawus, masani a fannin hadisi daga malaman Shi'a na ƙarni na bakwai bayan Hijira, ya ambaci bambancin ruwayoyi game da watan da ake fara shekarar Ƙamariyya da shi. Ya ce yawan malaman da suka gabata da littattafansu suna nuna cewa watan Ramadan shi ne farkon shekarar Ƙamariyya.

Sai dai ya yi hasashen cewa Ramadan shi ne farkon shekarar ibada, yayin da Muharram shi ne farkon shekarar da ake danganta abubuwan tarihi da bukukuwa.[22]

Watannin Shekara Ƙamariyya

Babban labari: Watan Ƙamariyya

Shekarar Hijira ta Ƙamariyya tana ƙunshe da watanni goma sha biyu (12),[23] kuma kowane wata yana da kwanaki 29 ko 30. Amma babu wata ƙa'ida ta musamman da ke tabbatar da wane wata zai kasance mai kwanaki 29 ko kuma mai kwanaki 30.[24]

Duk da haka, a cikin kalandar wata ta al'ada, an kayyade cewa watanni masu lamba marasa daidaituwa su kasance da kwanaki 30, watanni masu lamba masu daidaituwa su kasance da kwanaki 29, kuma watan ƙarshe a shekarun tsalle yakan zama da kwanaki 30.[Akwai buƙatar kawo madogara]

Yawan kwanakin shekarar Ƙamariyya ya fi gajarta da kwanaki 10 ko 11 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar Shamsiyya ko Miladiyya (wadda take da kwanaki 365). Saboda haka, shekarar Ƙamariyya tana da kwanaki 354 a shekarar al'ada, sannan tana da kwanaki 355 a shekarar kabisa.[25][Tsokaci 2]

A cewar Ali Bin Husaini Mas'udi, masanin tarihi na ƙarni na huɗu bayan Hijira, Larabawa a lokacin jahiliyya suna ƙara wata guda a cikin shekarar Ƙamariyya duk bayan shekaru uku. Alƙur'ani ya kira wannan aiki da suna Nasi'i (jinkirta ko sauya lokacin watanni), kuma ya yi suka a kansa.[26] Watannin shekarar Ƙamariyya a jere su ne:

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ «پیدایش سال هجری قمری»، Shafin Hauza.
  2. ↑ Duba: Firiman Giranwil, Taqwim-hā-ye Islami wa Masihi wa Jadwal-hā-ye Tahlil-e Ānhā be Yekdigar, shafi na 73.
  3. ↑ «تاریخ رسمی کشورهای اسلامی»، Shafin Porsemān
  4. ↑ Ha’iri, Ruzshomār-e Shamsi, shafi na 7, ƙarin bayani na ƙasa (pānuwis) na 1.
  5. ↑ Ƙasimlu, Moqayese-ye Ravesh-hā wa Mo‘ādelāt-e Mokhtalef barā-ye A‘māl-e Kabise-hā-ye Gāhshomāri-ye Hejri-ye Khorshidi dar Manābe‘-e Mokhtalef, shafi na 98.
  6. ↑ «تغییر تقویم قمری به میلادی در عربستان»،ashar ɗin Hukumar Wakilcin Jagoran Faqihi a Harkokin Hajji da Ziyara
  7. ↑ Husaini Tehrani, Muhammad Husain, Risāle-ye Nowin darbāre-ye Banā-ye Islām bar Sāl wa Māh-e Qamari, shafi na 83–85.
  8. ↑ Maskawaih, Tajārib al-Umam, juzu’i na 1, shafi na 413.
  9. ↑ Maskawaih, Tajārib al-Umam, 1379 sh, juzu’i na 1, shafi na 413;
  10. ↑ Ɗabari, Tārikh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 388; Ibn Kasir, Al-Bidāya wa al-Nihāya, juzu’i na 3, shafi na 207.
  11. ↑ Ɗabari, Tārikh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 389.
  12. ↑ Yaƙubi, Tārikh-e Yaƙubi, Dār Sādir, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 145; Mas‘udi, Murūjuz Zahab, juzu’i na 4, shafi na 300.
  13. ↑ Duba: Ɗabari, Tārikh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 388.
  14. ↑ Subhani, Sayyid al-Mursalin, Mu’assasat al-Nashr al-Islami, juzu’i na 1, shafi na 610.
  15. ↑ Subhani, Sayyid al-Mursalin, Mu’assasat al-Nashr al-Islami, juzu’i na 1, shafi na 609.
  16. ↑ Duba: Mas‘udi, Murūjuz Zahab, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 188–189.
  17. ↑ Mas‘udi, Murūjuz Zahab, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 189.
  18. ↑ Ɗabari, Tārikh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 389.
  19. ↑ Ɗusi, Misbah al-Mutahajjid, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 539.
  20. ↑ Ɗusi, Misbah al-Mutahajjid, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 797.
  21. ↑ Ɗusi, Misbah al-Mutahajjid, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 825.
  22. ↑ Sayyid Ibn Tawus, Iqbal al-A‘mal, juzu’i na 1, shafi na 4–5.
  23. ↑ Duba: Mas‘udi, Murūjuz Zahab, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 188–189.
  24. ↑ Abdullahi, Ma‘refi-ye Do Taqwim-e Da’imi-ye Jadid-e Gāhshomāri-hā-ye Hejri-ye Shamsi wa Hejri-ye Qamari, shafi na 734 -735
  25. ↑ Abdullahi, Ma‘refi-ye Do Taqwim-e Da’imi-ye Jadid-e Gāhshomāri-hā-ye Hejri-ye Shamsi wa Hejri-ye Qamari, shafi na 734–735, ƙarin bayanai na ƙasa na 3 da 4.
  26. ↑ Duba: Mas‘udi, Murūjuz Zahab, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 189..
  27. ↑ Duba: Mas‘udi, Murūjuz Zahab, juzu’i na 2, shafi na 188–189.

Tsokaci

  1. ↑ إِنَّمَا النَّسِيءُ زِيَادَةٌ فِي الْكُفْرِ ۖ يُضَلُّ بِهِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا يُحِلُّونَهُ عَامًا وَيُحَرِّمُونَهُ عَامًا لِيُوَاطِئُوا عِدَّةَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ فَيُحِلُّوا مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ ۚ زُيِّنَ لَهُمْ سُوءُ أَعْمَالِهِمْ ۗ وَاللَّهُ لَا يَهْدِي الْقَوْمَ الْكَافِرِينَ. Haƙiƙa jinkirta (canja wurin) watannin da aka haramta, ƙari ne a cikin kafirci, wanda ake ƙara ruɗar da kafirai ta hanyarsa. Suna halatta shi a wata shekara, sannan a wata shekara su haramta shi, domin su daidaita adadin watannin da Allah Ya haramta; ta haka sai su halatta abin da Allah Ya haramta. An ƙawata musu munin ayyukansu, kuma Allah ba Ya shiryar da mutanen kafirai.(Suratu At-Tauba: 37)
  2. ↑ Shekarar kabisa a kalandar Hijri Shamsi tana da kwanaki 366, kuma tana faruwa kusan duk bayan shekaru huɗu.

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