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Daƙiƙa:Jagoran Jamhuriyar Musulunci Ta Iran

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Sayyid Mujtaba Khamna'i, Jagora na uku na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran

Jagoran Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran shi ne mafi girman muƙami na hukuma a tsarin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, wanda ke kula da ɓangarori uku na gwamnati (wato: bangaren zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a), kuma yana da alhakin tsara manyan manufofin tsarin ƙasa da kuma jagorantar tafiyar ƙasar gaba ɗaya.

Tushen fiƙihu na wannan matsayi shi ne ra'ayin wilayatul faƙihi a fiƙihun Imamiyya. Bisa wannan ra'ayi, a lokacin ɓoyuwar Imami ma'asumi, jagorancin al'ummar Musulmi da tafiyar da al'amuran al'umma ana miƙa su ne ga faƙihi cikakke da ya cika sharuɗɗa. Kundin tsarin mulki na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran a cikin dokoki na 5, 107, 110 da 177 ya bayyana sharuɗɗa da ikon jagora, sannan ya bayyana cewa imamanci da wilaya ba za su canza ba. Daga cikin sharuɗɗan jagoranci akwai: ijtihadi, adalci, taƙawa, fahimtar siyasa, basira a tafiyar da al'amura da kuma iya gudanarwa. Zaɓe, sa‑ido da kuma sauke jagora daga mukami suna hannun Majalisar ƙwararru ta jagoranci.

A cikin gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1989M, an cire sharaɗin marja'iyya da kuma ra'ayin jagoranci na kwamitin mutane da dama, sannan aka jaddada wilaya mai faɗi ta faƙihi.

Daga cikin manyan ayyukan jagora akwai: ayyana manyan manufofin ƙasa, zama babban kwamandan rundunonin soji, naɗa da sauke manyan jami'ai, warware saɓani tsakanin bangarorin gwamnati, da kuma sanya hannu kan hukuncin shugaban ƙasa bayan zaɓe.

Imam Khomaini da Sayyid Ali Khamna'i da Sayyid Mujtaba Khamna'i su ne jagorori na farko da na biyu da na uku na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran.

Matsayi

Imam Khomaini da Sayyid Ali Khamna'i, jagora na farko da na biyu na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran.

An bayyana cewa, bisa ga sashe na biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, muhimmancin matsayin jagoranci a Iran yana bayyana a sarari.[1] A cikin wannan sashe an fayyace cewa: a lokacin ɓoyuwar Imam Mahdi (A.F) a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, wilayatul amri da jagorancin al'umma suna hannun faƙihi cikakke da ya cika sharuɗɗa mai adalci da taƙawa, mai sanin halin zamani, jarumi, mai iya gudanarwa da kuma hikimar shugabanci.[2]

An bayyana jagora a matsayin mafi girman matsayi na siyasa da ruhi a ƙasar Iran,[3] wanda yake a saman ɓangarori uku na gwamnati (Zartarwa, majalisa da shari'a).[4] Matsayinsa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci saboda alhakin da yake da shi na tsara manyan manufofin tsarin ƙasa da kuma daidaita aiki tsakanin bangarorin gwamnati.[5]

An kuma ce wilayatul faƙihi ita ce falsafar wanzuwar tsarin Jamhuriyar Musulunci kuma ita ce babbar alamar tsarin. Bisa wannan fahimta, Shi'a Isna Ashariyya tana samun tsari na hukuma ta hanyar imamanci da jagorancin malaman fiƙihu.[6]

Haka kuma, ban da tafiyar da harkokin ƙasa, an ɗora wa jagora alhakin shiryar da al'umma ta fuskar ruhi, da kuma jagorantar cibiyoyin gwamnati domin tabbatar da cewa ana aiwatar da dokokin Musulunci yadda ya dace.[7]

Tushe Na Fiƙihu Da Doka

Babban labari: Wilayatul Faƙihi

Jagoranci a Iran yana dogara ne da tushe na fiƙihu na ra'ayin wilayatul faƙihi.[8]. An bayyana cewa wilayatul faƙihi, bisa hujjojin hankali da na shari'a a fiƙihun Imamiyya, an gabatar da shi kuma an tabbatar da shi. Bisa wannan ra'ayi[9], a lokacin ɓoyuwar Imam Mahdi (A.F), jagorancin al'umma yana hannun faƙihi wanda ya cika dukkan sharuɗɗa, kuma ikon tafiyar da dukkan al'amuran al'ummar Musulmi yana hannun waliyyul faƙihi.[10]

Haka kuma a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Iran, a matakai na 5, 107 da 110 an yi bayanin sharuɗɗan jagoranci da kuma ikon da jagora yake da shi.[11] Bugu da ƙari, a sashe na 57, wanda ake kira ƙa'idar raba iko tsakanin ɓangarori (Separation of powers),[12] an bayyana cewa ɓangarori uku na gwamnati suna gudanar da ikonsu ne a ƙarƙashin kulawar jagora.[13]

Wasu masana suna ganin cewa maimaita wannan batu sau da dama a cikin kundin tsarin mulki yana nuna muhimmancin matsayin imamanci (Jagoranci) da wilayar jagora.[14] Haka kuma suna ganin cewa sashe na ƙarshe na kundin tsarin mulki (sashe na 177), wanda ya bayyana cewa ƙa'idar imamanci da wilayar jagora daga cikin ƙa'idojin da ba za a iya canzawa ba ko da a lokacin gyaran kundin tsarin mulki, shi ma yana ƙara nuna girman muhimmancin wannan matsayi.[15]

Sharuɗɗan Jagoranci

Bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Iran, dole ne jagora ya cika wasu sharuɗɗa masu muhimmanci. Daga cikinsu akwai:

  • Ƙwarewar ilimi da ta ba shi damar bayar da fatawa a fannoni daban‑daban na fiƙihu (Ijtihadi),
  • Adalci da taƙawa da suka dace da jagorancin al'umma.
  • Ingantacciyar fahimta ta siyasa da zamantakewa, hikima a tafiyar da al'amura, jarumtaka, iya gudanarwa da kuma ƙarfin shugabanci.[16]

Bisa ga kundin tsarin mulki, membobin majalisar ƙwararrun Jagoranci suna da alhakin bincika sharuɗɗan da aka ambata a sashe na 5 da na 107 na kundin tsarin mulki, sannan su zaɓi mutum mafi dacewa da jagoranci.[17]

An kuma bayyana cewa, saɓanin shugaban ƙasa da wasu muƙamai na gwamnati, a cikin sharuɗɗan jagoranci ba a fayyace cewa dole ne mutum ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Iran ba. Duk da haka, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa, tun da shugaban ƙasa dole ne ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Iran saboda buƙatar cikakkiyar dangantaka da ƙasa, to ta hanyar ƙarin hujja za a iya ɗaukar cewa wannan sharaɗi ya fi dacewa a kan jagoranci ma.[18]

Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulki

Babban labari: Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci Ta Iran

A shekarar 1989M, an yi gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. Daga cikin sassan da aka sauya, sassa biyu suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da jagoranci:

  • Na Farko: A cikin kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1979M, ban da ƙwarewar bayar da fatawa (ijtihadi), marja'iyya ma tana daga cikin sharuɗɗan jagoranci. Amma a lokacin gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na 1989M, an cire sharaɗin marja'iyya.[19]

Imam Ruhullah Khomaini, wanda ya kafa tsarin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, a cikin wasiƙar da ya rubuta a 29 ga Afrilu 1989M zuwa ga shugaban kwamitin gyaran kundin tsarin mulki, ya jaddada cewa tun daga farko bai yarda da sharaɗin marja'iyya ba. Ya bayyana cewa ba zai yiwu a bar tsarin Musulunci ba tare da jagora ba, kuma mujtahidi mai adalci ya isa ya riƙe wannan nauyi.[20]

An kuma bayyana cewa cire sharaɗin marja'iyya ba yana nufin rage matsayin ilimin fiƙihu da ijtihadi ba. A maimakon haka, muhimmancin jagorancin al'umma yana buƙatar cewa jagora, tare da ijtihadi, ya kasance mafi fahimta a kan batutuwan siyasa da tafiyar da harkokin ƙasa. Haka kuma, idan marja'iyya ta kasance sharaɗi, yawan mutanen da za su iya cika sharuɗɗan zai ragu sosai, domin maraji'ai ba su da yawa.[21]

  • Na Biyu: A cikin gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na 1989M, an cire batun Majalisar Jagoranci daga cikin sassan da suka shafi jagoranci. A maimakon haka, a ƙarƙashin ra'ayin wilayatul faƙihi mai faɗi, an ƙara wasu daga cikin ayyuka da ikon jagora.[22]

Sai dai kuma, bisa sashe na 111 na kundin tsarin mulki bayan gyara, idan jagora ya rasu, ya sauka daga muƙami ko aka sauke shi, za a kafa majalisar wucin‑gadi ta jagoranci wadda ta ƙunshi: shugaban ƙasa, shugaban ɓangaren shari'a, da kuma ɗaya daga cikin masana fiƙihu na Majalisar Masu Tsaron Kundin Tsari, wanda Majalisar fayyace maslahar tsari za ta zaɓa. Wannan majalisa za ta riƙe dukkan ayyukan jagora na ɗan lokaci.[23]

Haka kuma, idan jagora ya kasa gudanar da ayyukansa na wani lokaci saboda wani dalili, wannan majalisa ita ce za ta riƙe ayyukan jagoranci na wucin‑gadi.

Ayyuka Da Ikon Jagora

Bisa ga sashe na 110 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ayyuka da ikon jagoran Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran sun haɗa da:

  1. Ayyana manyan manufofin tsarin ƙasa, bayan yin shawarwari da majalisar fayyace maslahar gwamnati.
  2. Sa‑ido kan yadda ake aiwatar da waɗannan manyan manufofi.
  3. #Ba da umarnin gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama (Referendum).
  4. Zama babban kwamandan rundunonin sojin ƙasa.
  5. Bayyana yaƙi ko zaman lafiya da kuma umarnin tara sojoji.
  6. Naɗa, saukewa ko karɓar murabus na: malaman fiƙihu na majalisar masu tsaron kundin tsari, mafi girman shugaban ɓangaren shari'a, shugaban hukumar watsa labarai ta ƙasa (IRIB), shugaban babban hafsan soji, babban kwamandan Rundunar Kare Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci (IRGC), da manyan kwamandojin sojoji da na tsaro.
  7. Warware saɓani da daidaita dangantaka tsakanin ɓangarori uku na gwamnati.
  8. Warware matsalolin tsarin ƙasa ta hanyar Majalisar Tabbatar da Maslahar Tsari.
  9. Sanya hannu kan hukuncin shugabancin ƙasa bayan jama'a sun zaɓe shi.
  10. Sauke shugaban ƙasa daga muƙami, tare da la'akari da maslahar ƙasa.
  11. Yin afuwa ko rage hukuncin wasu waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci.[24]
  12. Naɗa membobi, sakatare da shugaban majalisar fayyacemaslahar gwamnati.[25]

An kuma bayyana cewa daga sashe na 57 na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ya ce ɓangarori uku na gwamnati suna gudanar da ayyukansu a ƙarƙashin kulawar jagora, ana fahimtar cewa jagora yana sa‑ido a kansu kuma matsayinsa ya fi nasu girma. Wannan matsayi yana taimakawa wajen warware matsalolin doka da karya toshewar al'amura a cikin tsarin gwamnati.[26]

Haka kuma, bisa ga sashe na 110, jagora na iya miƙa wasu daga cikin ayyuka da ikonsa ga wani mutum idan ya ga dacewa.[27]

Hanyar Zaɓe Da Sauke Jagora

A cikin tsarin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, majalisar ƙwararru ta jagoranci ce ke da alhakin zaɓe da kuma sauke jagora.[28] Mambobin wannan majalisa malamai ne na addini waɗanda jama'a ke zaɓa ta hanyar zaɓe kai tsaye.

Zaɓen Jagora

Bisa ga sashe na 107 na kundin tsarin mulki, idan jagora ya rasu ko muƙamin ya zama babu kowa, majalisar ƙwararru ta jagoranci za ta bincika[29] tsakanin malamai masu cika sharuɗɗan jagoranci, kamar ijtihadi, adalci, taƙawa, basirar siyasa da iya gudanarwa.[30] Idan ta gano mutum ɗaya da ya fi dacewa, za ta zaɓe shi a matsayin jagora. Idan kuma ba a samu mutum guda da ya fi sauran ba, majalisar na iya zaɓar ɗaya daga cikinsu a matsayin jagora.[31]

Sauke Jagora

Bisa ga sashe na 111 na kundin tsarin mulki, idan aka tabbatar cewa jagora ya rasa ɗaya daga cikin sharuɗɗan da ake buƙata, ko kuma ya kasa gudanar da ayyukansa, majalisar ƙwararru ta jagoranci tana da ikon sauke shi daga muƙami.[32]

Idan muƙamin jagora ya zama babu kowa saboda rasuwa, murabus ko sauke shi, za a kafa majalisar wucin‑gadi wadda ta ƙunshi shugaban ƙasa, shugaban ɓangaren shari'a, da ɗaya daga cikin masana fiƙihu na majalisar masu tsaron kundin tsari wanda majalisar fayyace maslahar gwamnati za ta zaɓa. Wannan majalisa za ta riƙe ayyukan jagoranci na ɗan lokaci har sai an zaɓi sabon jagora.[33]

Jagororin Iran

A cikin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, Imam Ruhullah Khomaini[34] ya kasance jagora har zuwa 14 ga Khordad 1368Sh/ 4 Yuni 1989M. Bayan rasuwarsa kuma, Sayyid Ali Khamna'i ya zama waliyyul faƙihi (Jagora), kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe jagorancin har zuwa 9 ga Esfand 1404Sh/20 Fabrairu 2026M.[35]

Daga baya, Sayyid Mujtaba Khamna'i, ɗa na biyu ga Ayatullahi Sayyid Ali Khamna'i, majalisar ƙwararru ta jagoranci ta sanar da shi a matsayin jagora na uku na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran a ranar 17 ga Esfand 1404Sh, wanda ya yi daidai da 18 ga Ramadan 1447H da kuma 9 ga Maris 2026M.[36]

Muƙamin Mataimakin Jagora (Ƙa'imul Maƙam)

Saboda halin rashin lafiya na Imam Khomaini, majalisar ƙwararru ta jagoranci a ranar 18 ga Aban 1364Sh/9 Nuwamba 1985M ta zaɓi Husaini Ali Muntaziri a matsayin magaji kuma mataimakin Imam Khomaini.[37]

Duk da cewa Imam Khomaini yana da ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muntaziri, bai ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da jagoranci ba.[38] Amma bayan majalisar ƙwararru ta jagoranci ta ayyana shi, Imam Khomaini ya mutunta shawarar majalisar kuma bai yi adawa da ita ba.[39]

Daga baya, ra'ayoyi da matsayai na Muntaziri game da tsarin gwamnati, da kuma danganta Sayyid Mahadi Hashimi da gidansa, suka sa Imam Khomaini ya ji damuwa kuma ya yi masa gargaɗi.[40]

Da ci gaba da waɗannan matsayai na Muntaziri, a ƙarshe Imam Khomaini a watan Afrilu 1989M ya rubuta wasiƙa inda ya bayyana cewa Muntaziri ya rasa cancanta da halaccin zama jagora. A cikin amsar wannan wasiƙa, Muntaziri ya yi murabus daga matsayin mataimakin jagora.[41] Bayan wannan lamari, sai ƙwata-ƙwata ma aka soke matsayi na mataimakin jagora gaba ɗaya a cikin tsarin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran.[42]

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Jawan arasteh, Huquq‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, s.95.
  2. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, aṣl 5.
  3. ↑ Amid Zanjani, Kulliyyat-e Huquq-e Asasi, shafi na 276; Nuruzi da Baqiri, Barrasi wa Tahlil-e Jaygah-e Rahbari dar Nizam-e Jomhuri-ye Islami-ye Iran, Mujallar watanni uku Bincike-bincike kan Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci..
  4. ↑ Jawan arasteh, Huquq‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, s.90
  5. ↑ Nuruzi da Baqiri, Barrasi wa Tahlil-e Jaygah-e Rahbari dar Nizam-e Jomhuri-ye Islami-ye Iran, Mujallar watanni uku Bincike-bincike kan Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci..
  6. ↑ Amid Zanjani, Kolliyat‑e Huquq‑e Asasi, s.194.
  7. ↑ Nuruzi da Baqiri, Barrasi wa Tahlil-e Jaygah-e Rahbari dar Nizam-e Jomhuri-ye Islami-ye Iran, Mujallar watanni uku Bincike-bincike kan Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci..
  8. ↑ Amid Zanjani, Kolliyat‑e Huquq‑e Asasi, s.276
  9. ↑ Amid Zanjani, Kolliyat‑e Huquq‑e Asasi, s.277-280
  10. ↑ Nekah konid be: Shaik Ansari, Makasib, j.3, s.545; Montazeri, Dirasat fi Wilayat al‑Faqih, j.1, s.11; Jawadi ameli, welayat‑e Faqih, welayat‑e Feqahat wa Adalat, s.129.
  11. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, uṣul 5, 107, 110.
  12. ↑ Jawan arasteh, Huquq‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, s.99.
  13. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, S 57.
  14. ↑ Jawan arasteh, Huquq‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, s.95.
  15. ↑ Jawan arasteh, Huquq‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, s.96.
  16. ↑ Qanune Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, aṣl 109.
  17. ↑ Qanune Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, aṣl 107.
  18. ↑ Hashemi, Huƙuƙe Asasiye Jomhuriye Eslami‑ye iran, j.2, s.35.
  19. ↑ Qanune Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, aṣl 107.Shafin yanar gizo na Cibiyar Bincike ta Majalisar Shawarar Musulunci.
  20. ↑ Imam Khomaini, Sahifat‑un Nur, Juzu'i na 21, shafi na 371.
  21. ↑ Hashemi, Huƙuƙe Asasi‑ye Jamhuriye Islami Iran, juzu'i na 2, shafi na 46.
  22. ↑ Baznegari-ye Qanun-e Asasi, Portal Na Imam Khumayni.
  23. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, asl‑e 111.
  24. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, asl‑e 111.
  25. ↑ Matn-e Kamil-e Qanun-e Asasi, shafi na 64, Asl-e 112; Majidi, Ashna'i ba Qanun-e Asasi, shafi na 278.
  26. ↑ Amid Zanjani, Kolliyate Huƙuƙe Asasi, shafi na 279.
  27. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, asl‑e 110
  28. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, usul‑e 107 wa 111.
  29. ↑ Hashemi, Huƙuƙe Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, j. 2, s. 73
  30. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, asl‑e 107.
  31. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, asl‑e 107.
  32. ↑ Hashemi, Huƙuƙe Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, j. 1, s. 236.
  33. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, asl‑e 111.
  34. ↑ Qanun‑e Asasi‑ye Jomhuri‑ye Eslami‑ye iran, asl‑e 107.
  35. ↑ Dastan-e Yek Entikhab, Ofishin Kiyaye da Yaɗa Ayyukan Ayatullah Khamenei.
  36. ↑ . Ofishin Kiyaye da Yaɗa Ayyukan Mai Girma Ayatullah al‑Uẓma Khamenei.؛https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=62798
  37. ↑ Hashemi Rafsanjani, Omid wa Delwapasi, sh. 318.
  38. ↑ Emam Khomaini, Sahife‑ye Nur, j. 21, sh. 334.
  39. ↑ Emam Khomaini, Sahife‑ye Nur, j. 21, sh. 331 wa 334.
  40. ↑ Imam Khomaini, Sahife‑ye Nur, j. 20, sh. 136–138; Mohammadi Reyshahri, Khatere‑ha, j. 4, sh. 89.
  41. ↑ Imam Khomaini, Sahife‑ye Nur, j. 21, sh. 333 wa 334.
  42. ↑ Hashemi Rafsanjani, Omid wa Delwapasi, sh. 325.

Nassoshi

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  • بازنگری قانون اساسی، (Sake Duba (ko Gyaran), Kundin Tsarin Mulki) Tashar Yanar Gizo ta Imam Khomaini, ranar duba shafin: Shafin Yanar Gizo na Imam Khomaini, ranar duba labarin: 20 Fabrairu 2026M.
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