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Balaga

Daga wikishia
(an turo daga Baligi)
Maƙalar Balaga tana da alaƙa tare da maƙalolin
: Shekarun Taklifi, Balagar Ƴaƴa Mata, da Taklifi Na Shari'a..
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Balaga, (Larabci: البلوغ) wani isɗilahi ne na fiƙihu da yake da ma'anar kaiwa wata marhala a rayuwa wace cikin ta taklifi na shari'a ke hawa wuyan mutum da yake nufin tilasta masa kiyaye dokokin shari'a. Malaman fiƙihu bisa la'akari da riwayar da aka naƙalto daga Imamai Ma'asumai (A.S), sun ambaci alamomin balaga. Bisa ra'ayin masshur na malaman fiƙihu na Shi'a, yara maza yayin da suka cika shekaru 15 cif-cif, yara mata kuma shekaru tara cif-cif a lissafin muslunci. Ana la'akari da su matsayin waɗanda suka balaga. Na'am ba'arin malaman fiƙihu suna ganin shekaru 13 ne ake la'akari da su a balaga a mata.

Ganin Mafarki da tsirowar gashi ƙasan cibiya su ma ana la'akari da su alamomin balaga cikin maza da mata. Ganin haila alama ce ta balaga ga ƴa mace. Ko wane ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamomi idan suka bayyana ga yaro ko yarinya, to za a lakari da shi matsayin baligi ko baliga. Bayan kaiwa shekarun balaga to takalifai na shari'a da hukunce-hukunce da umarnoni, ya haɗo nau'in wajibai na ibada, shari'a, lefuka, tattalin arziƙi da sauransu... za su fuskance shi.

Nazarin Ma'ana Da Matsayi

Balaga wani isɗilahi ne na fiƙihu, da yake da ma'anar kaiwa wasu shekaru waɗanda cikin su taklifi na shari'a zai fara fuskantar mutum, kuma daga wannan lokaci wajibi ya dinga kiyaye dokokin shari'a.[1] Sakamakon balaga na janyo taklifi ya hau kan mutum, hakan ya sa yana da matsayi na musamman a ilimin fiƙihu kuma malaman fiƙihu sun yi bahasi da bincike game da haƙiƙa alamomi da hukunce-hukuncesa.[2] A ra'ayin malaman fiƙihu, balaga kusa da hankali da ikon sauke taklifi, su na daga gama-garin sharuɗɗan taklifi; ma'ana su na daga cikin sharuɗɗan da suka zama dole su tabbatu cikin baki ɗayan taklifi.[3] Da wannan dalili ne cikin mafi yanan babukan fiƙihu aka yi magana game da su.[4]

Alamomin Balaga

A cikin fiƙihu, bisa la'akari da wasu riwayoyi da aka naƙalto daga Imamai Ma'asumai (A.S), an ambaci sharuɗɗa na shekaru da kuma alamomi na ɗabi'a game da balaga, waɗanda idan ɗaya daga cikinsu ya samu to balaga tana tabbatuwa: Bisa nazarin masshur na malaman fiƙihu na Shi'a, yara maza a ƙarshen shekara 15 ta muslunci (Daidai da shekaru 14 da wata 6 da kwanaki 12 a kalandar Farsi) su kuma ƴaƴa mata a ƙarshen shekara 9 ta muslunci (Daidai da shekaru 8 da wata 8 da kwanaki 20 a kalandar Farsi) suke balaga.[5] Na'am ba'arin malaman fiƙihu misalin Muhammad Is'haƙ Fayyaz[6] da Yusuf Sani'i,[7] tare da jingina da wasu riwayoyi[8] sun tafi kan cewa ƴa mace tana balaga ne a shekaru 13 na muslunci.

Alamomin balaga na ɗabi'a, ba'ari maza da mata sun yi tarayya cikinsu. Su ne : fitar maniyyi(Mafarki)[9] da tsirowar gashin ƙasan cibiya.[10] Ganin jinin haila alama ce ta balaga da ta keɓantu da mata.[11] Na'am ba'arin malaman fiƙihu suna cewa jinin da ƴa mace take ganin kafin cika shekaru 9, ko da kuwa ya kasance tare da siffofin jinin haila, ba a la'akari da shi a matsayin jinin haila, kaɗai jinin da take ganin bayan cika shekara 9 ne jinin haila kuma hukunce-hukunce haila suna gudana kansa, da wannan dalili ne shekaru 9 ne ma'aunin balaga ga ƴa mace.[12]

Hanyoyin Tabbatar Da Balaga

Idan wani ya yi da'awar balaga, za a karɓi da'awarsa ne ƙarƙashin abubuwa guda uku da za a ambace su a ƙasa:

  • Idan dalilin balagar ya kasance mafarki (A cikin yara maza da mata) ko jinin haila (A cikin mata), wajibi ne a samu yiwuwar alamomin balaga tare da shi.[13]
  • Idan dalilin balagar ya kasance tsirowar gashin ƙasan cibiya, tare da ganin sa to za a yarda da balagar.[14]
  • Idan dalilin balagar ya kasance kaiwa shekarun balaga, to za a yarda ta hanyar nuna ingantacciyar takardar shaida.[15]

Kufaifayin Balaga Na Fiƙihu Da Haƙƙoƙi

Bayan mutum ya kai shekarun balaga, taklifi yana fara hawan kansa kuma zai zamanto ƙarƙashin zantukan hukunce-hukunce da umarnonin addini; ya haɗo da takalifin ibada, haƙƙoƙi, uƙubar lefuka, tattalin arziƙi, zamantakewa da siyasa.[16] Na'am bisa naƙalin daga littafin Al-Anawin, na Mir Abdul-Fattah Maragi, malamin fiƙihu a ƙarni na 13, da yawa-yawan ahkamul wada'i misalin hukunce-hukunce da suke da alaƙa da gado, diyya, lamuni, hiyazat da wasu da yawa-yawan hukunce-hukunce misalin waɗannan, balaga ba sharaɗi ba ce suna gudana hatta kan wanda ma bai balaga ba.[17]

Gaggauta Balaga Da Jinkirta Balaga

Gaggautacciyar balaga ko balaga da wuri wani lamari ne na halittar jiki da ake samun sa cikin ba'ari maza da mata, cikin wannan hali, sakamakon tasiri na na gado, sauyin yanayin ruwa da iska, tsabtace mahalli, da yanayin cimaka, alamomi da kufaifayin balaga su na saurin bayyana cikinsa kafin su bayyana ga tsaraikunsa.[18] Jinkirin balaga shi ma haka cikin maza da maza ana iya ganin sa, amma ya fi yaɗuwa cikin maza fiye da mata, an ce duk sanda har zuwa shekara 17 ba a samu bayyanar alamomin balaga ga namiji ba, to hakan na tabbatar da jinkirin balaga gare shi.[19]

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Gamayyar marubuta, Farhangename Fiƙh Farsi, 1387SH, juzu'i. 2, Shafi. 135.
  2. ↑ Sobhani, al-Balogh Haƙaƙutuhu, alamatihi Wa Ahkamihi, shafi na. 6.
  3. ↑ Najafi, Jawaher al-Kalam, 1362SH, juzu'i. 11, shafi. 472; Montazeri, Nihayat al-Usul, 1415 AH, shafi. 174.
  4. ↑ Noor Mufidi, Barsi Fiƙihi Bulug Dpkhtaran, 1395SH, shafi. 20.
  5. ↑ Misali, duba Bahrani, Al-Hadaƙ al-Nadhra, 1363SH, juzu'i. 20, shafi. 348.
  6. ↑ «تغییر فتوای یکی از مراجع تقلید درباره سن تکلیف دختران», Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Hauza.
  7. ↑ Sanei, Bulug Dokhtaran, 1386SH, shafi na 35-36.
  8. ↑ Rajai, Al-Masā’il al-Fiƙhiyah, 1421ƙ, shafi. 168.
  9. ↑ Misali, duba Mohaƙiƙ Helli, Sharia’ al-Islam, 1408ƙ, juzu'i. 2, kShafiu. 84; Shahid Thani, Al-Rawdha al-Bahiyyah fi Sharh al-Luma’at al-Damasƙiyyah, 1410ƙ, juzu'i. 2, shafi. 144; Mohaƙiƙ Ardabili, Majma’ al-Fa'ida’ wa al-Burhan, Islamic Publishing Foundation, juzu'i. 9, shafi. 185; Imam Khomeini, Tahrir al-Wasilah, Imam Khomeini’s Gidauniyar Harafi da Buga Ayyuka, juzu'i. 2, shafi. 14.
  10. ↑ Misali, duba Mohaƙiƙ Helli, Sharia’ al-Islam, 1408ƙ, juzu'i. 2, shafi. 84; Shahid Thani, Al-Rawdha al-Bahiyyah fi Sharh al-Luma’at al-Damasƙiyyah, 1410ƙ, juzu'i. 2, shafi. 144; Mohaƙiƙ Ardabili, Majma’ al-Fa'ida’ wa al-Burhan, Gidauniyar wallafar Musulunci, juzu'i. 9, shafi. 185; Imam Khomeini, Tahrir al-Wasilah, Imam Khomeini’s Works Compilation and Publishing Foundation, juzu'i. 2, Shafi. 14.
  11. ↑ Misali, duba Sheikh Tusi, Al-Mabsut, juzu'i. 2, shafi. 282; Mohaƙiƙ Ardabili, Majma' Al-Fa'ida' Wal Al-Burhan, Gidan wallafar Musulunci, juzu'i. 9, shafi. 191.
  12. ↑ Misali, duba Shahid Thani, Masalik al-Afham, 1413ƙ, juzu'i. 4, shafi. 146; Rajai, Al-Masal al-Fiƙhiyyah, 1421ƙ, shafi. 175.
  13. ↑ Najafi, Jawaher al-Kalam, 1362SH, juzu'i. 35, shafi. 117.
  14. ↑ Najafi, Jawaher al-Kalam, 1362SH, juzu'i. 35, shafi. 118.
  15. ↑ Najafi, Jawaher al-Kalam, 1362SH, juzu'i. 35, shafi. 118.
  16. ↑ Gamayyara marubuta, Farhange Fiƙh Farsi, 1387SH, juzu'i. 2, shafi. 136; Mehrizi, Bulug Dokhtaran, shafi na 127-128.
  17. ↑ Hosseini Maraghi, Al-Anawin al-Fiƙhiyah, 1417ƙ, Juzu'i. 2, shafi. 660.
  18. ↑ Mohammadian, Bulugh, Tawallud Digar, 1371SH, shafi. 47.
  19. ↑ Mohammadian, Bulugh, Tawallud Digar, 1371SH, shafi. 49.

Nassoshi

  • Bahrani, Youssef, al-Hadaiƙ al-Nadrah fi Ahkami al-Itrah al-Tahira, Ƙum,Kamfanin Buga Littattafan Musulunci., 1363SH.
  • Gamayyar marubuta, Farhange Fiƙh Farsi, Ƙum, Dsa'iratul Marif Fiƙhi Farsi, 1387SH.
  • Husseini Maraghi, Mir Abdul Fattah, Al-Anawin Al-Fiƙhiyah, Ƙum, Islamic Publishing Foundation, bugu na biyu, 1417H.
  • Imam Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhollah, Tahrir al-Wasila, Tehran, Imam KhumainiCibiyar gyarawa da buga ayyuka, babu kwanan wata.
  • Mehrizi, Mehdi, Bulug Dokhtarn, Dar Kitabe Bulug Dokhtaran (na Mehdi Mehrizi), Ƙum, Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci da Bincike, 1376SH.
  • Montazeri, Hossein Ali, Nihayat al-Usul, Tehran, Mawallafar Takhar, 1415ƙ.
  • Muhammadian, Mahmoud, Bulugh Tawallud Digar, Tehran, Kungiyar Iyaye da Malamai, 1371SH.
  • Muhaƙƙ Ardabili, Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Majma’ al-Fa'ida’ wa al-Burhan, Ƙum, Mawallafar Gidauniyar Musulunci, babu kwanan wata.
  • Muhaƙƙ Heli, Ja’afar ibn Hassan, Shari’a al-Islam, Ƙum, Mawallafar Ismailiyan, bugu na biyu, 1408ƙ.
  • Najafi, Mohammad Hassan, Jawaher al-Kalam, Beirut,Mawallafar Dar Ihyaa Turat al-Arabi, bugu na 7, 1362SH.
  • Noormafidi, Seyyed Mojtabi, Barsi Fiƙih Bulug Dokhtarn, Ƙum, Cibiyar Shari'a ta Imamai Tsarkaka (AS), 1395SH.
  • Raja’i, Sayyid Muhammad, Al-Mas’eel Al-Fiƙhiyah, Ƙum, Publications Scientific, bugun farko, 1421ƙ.
  • Sabhani, Ja’afar, Al-Balugh: Haƙiƙatuhu, Alamatuhu Wa Ahkamuhu, Ƙum, Gidauniyar Imam Sadik (A.S.), bugu na biyu, 1439ƙ.
  • Sanei, Yusuf, Bulugh Dukhtar, Ƙum, Mawallafar Maysam Tamar, 1386SH.
  • Shahid Thani, Zainul-Din ibn Ali, Masalik al-Afham, Ƙum, Mu'assasa Ilimin Musulunci, 1413H.
  • Shahid Thani, ZaynulDin ibn Ali, Al-Rawdha al-Bahiyyah fi Sharh al-Luma’at al-Damashƙiyyah, ya gyara kuma ya yi sharhi daga Sayyid Muhammad Kalantar, Ƙum, Mawallafar Dawari, 1410ƙ.
  • Sheikh Tusi, Muhammad bn Hassan, Al-Mabsut, Tehran, Al-Muktab al-Murtazawiyya la-Iya’ al-Athar al-Ja’fariyya, bugu na uku, 1387SH.
  • «تغییر فتوای یکی از مراجع تقلید درباره سن تکلیف دختران»، (Sauya fatawar daya daga cikin malaman fikihu (Marja'i) dangane da shekarun balaga ga mata) Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Hawza, ranar shigowa: 20 ga watan Mayu, 2021, kwanan wata:17 ga watan Maris, 2025M.
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