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Ƙyamatar Musulinci da Musulmi

Daga wikishia
Wani zane na barkwanci game da ƙoƙarin nuna mummunar fuskar Musulunci

Ƙinjinin muslunci (Larabci:الإسلاموفوبيا أو رُهاب الإسلام) wani makirci ne da maƙiya muslunci su ka tsara shi akan Muslunci da musulmi da duk abin da yake da alaƙa da muslunci, domin tsoratar da mutane daga muslunci da sanya ƙiyayya, wannan makirci ya haifar da wariya da hare-hare kan musuolmi da hana su haƙƙinsu. Ƙyamatar muslunci wani abu ne da ya jirkita da addini da siyasa da zamantakewar yau da kullun a cikin ƙasashen yammacin duniya. Duk dacewa ƙinjini muslunci abu ne wanda ya samo asali a tarihi, sa dai cewa a shekarun baya-baya ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin ya fara yaɗuwa masammama bayan hari 11 ga wata Satumba 2001 da ya faru a ƙasar Amurka, amma abin da yake ƙarfafa bincike kan ƙyamatar muslunci da musulmi a duniyar musulmi shi ne nasarar da ƙasashen yammacin duniya suka fara samu kan wannan mummunan shiri na su, da abin da yake faruwa na nuna ƙiyayya ga Muslunci da musulmai da kuma tsananin rashin kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin musulmi da ƙasashen yammacin Turai.

Daga cikin abubuwan da suka sa ƙinjinin muslunci da tsoron yaɗuwar muslunci, akwai saɓani tsakanin gwamnatocin muslunci da yammacin duniya da kuma yadda ƙasashen yammacin duniya suka fahimci rayuwa da yadda Muslunci ya fahimci yadda kamata ace ɗan Adam ya rayu. Kamar yadda masu bincike suke ganin cewa suma musulmi suna da nasu kurakuran da suke yi da gazawa a wasu gurare, kamar rarrabuwar kawuna da rashi haɗin kai tsakninsu da rashin ci gaba da rauni na Dimukuraɗiyya. Ita kuma matsalar mutanan yammacin duniya, shi ne cewa ba su ma fahimci muslunci ba, wannan nema ya sa suke ɗaukar matakin da bai dace ba akan abin da ya shafi muslunci, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abin da ya assasa yaɗuwar ƙinjinin muslunci da musulmi a ƙasashensu.

Akwai hanyoyi na magancewannan matsala, kamar misalin ƙarfafa kafafan watsa labaran na muslunci da zuarukan sadarwa na yanar gizo, domin nuna haƙiƙanin yadda muslunci yake. Da kuma samar da alaƙa mai tsari kuma Mai faɗi da cibiyoyi na addini a ƙasashen yammacin duniya da kuma ƙarfafa alaƙa ta al'ada domin rage ƙarfin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, da kusanto da mazahabobi kusa da juna, kamar yadda aka ɗauki wasu daga cikin matakai irin wanda suka dace kamar wasiƙar da Ayatullah Sayyid Ali Khamna'i ya rubuta zuwa ga matasan yammacin duniya da Amurka ta arewa, cikin wannan wasiƙa ya kira su zuwa ga bincike da sanin haƙiƙanin muslunci daga maɓuɓɓugarshi ta asali.

Matsayi

A na la'akari da batun ƙinjinin muslunci da musulmi batu da yake da gayar muhimmanci a ƙasashen yammacin duniya da kuma gun mabiya addinin kiristanci.[1] Ra'ayin wasu daga cikin masu bincike shi ne cewa ita matsalar ƙinjinin Muslunci da musulmai abu ne da ya faru a duniya a yau sakamakon saɓani da rikici tsakani muslunci da yammacin duniya, duk da samuwar nau'in zamantakewa tsakanin muslunci da yammaci duniya sai dai kuma tare da hakan rigimgimu da saɓani ba su gushe ba tsakaninsu.[2]

Duk da cewa ƙinjinin muslunci da musulmi daɗaɗɗen a tarihi sakamakon sauye-sauyen da zamantakewa cikin al'ummar duniya,[3] sai dai cewa ana la'akarin shi a matsayin saɓon abu wanda ya bayyana a shekara ta 1980, ya kuma yaɗu bayan harin shaɗa ga watan Satumba 2001 miladiyya.[4] A cikin Hausa, wannan jumla na nufin: Sabbin kalmomi ne da suka samo asali a shekarun 1980, kuma sun zama ruwan dare bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba..[5] A wannan zamani, an kira muslunci a matsayin daular shaidan maimakon kwaminisanci, kuma an dauke ta a matsayin barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaron duniya..[6]

Gabatarwa

Ana bayyana (Islamophobia) a matsayin tsoro, tsana mai tsanani, da rashin adalci ga addinin Musulunci da musulma.[7]a wani rahoto mai taken Tsoron muslunci Muslimophobia ko Islamphobia:tsoro ne da kiyayya ga musulmai wanda ke haifar da kawar da su daga rayuwar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da jama'a a ƙasashen da ba musulmai ba, da kuma nuna bambanci a kansu.[8]

Wasu abubuwa da suke faruwa sakamakon ƙin jinin musulmi da muslunci; Rashin cigaba da komabaya da anfani da ƙarfi da ta'addanci duk ana ganinsu a matsayin halayya da halai da musulmi a dunniya masamman a yammacin duniya. Bayyana muslunci da cewa shi abu ne wanda bai dace da ƙasashen yammacin duniya ba. Yin gaba da mususlinci.[9]

Masu bincike suna ganin cewa ƙyamatar muslinci da musulmi tinani ne wanda ake ƙirƙira da kuma ƙarfafar shi ta hanyar kafar sadarwa, kamar Jarida da tashoshin talabijin.[10] Asgar Iftikari mai bincike a siyasa yana ganin cewa ƙyamatar muslunci da musulmi tinani ne marar kyau a kan muslunci da musulmi da kafafan watsa labarai na yammacin duniya suke yi a ƙasashen yammacin duniya, ta yadda za su ingiza mutane domin ƙyamatar musulmi da muslunci da sanya mutane su yi adawa da duk wani ci gaba na muslunci da musulmi.[11]

Sabanbun Hanyoyi Na Nuna Ƙyamatar Muslunci Da Musulimai

Bisa asasin binciken da aka yi kan ƙyamatar muslunci, ya ƙunshi dandali guda huɗu, cikin zamantakewarsu da sauran mutane, ƙungiyoyi da jam'iyyu da kuma kafafen watsa labarai, da gwamnatoci misalin kasausawa musulmi da korarsu da kuma sauran ayyukan takurawa.[12]

Ƙyamatar muslunci da musulmi yana bayyana a wannan yanayi.

  • Kausasawa: Anfani da ƙarfi kan mutane da lalata dukiyarsu da gaya musu baƙaƙen maganganu.
  • Nuna banbanci: nuna banbanci a tsakanin `yan ƙasa kamar nuna banbanci a gurin aiki da asibiti da makarantu.
  • Gaggauta hukunta mutum: gaggauta hukunci da nuna ko in kula ɓangaren kafafan watsa labarai da abubuwan da suke faruwa na yau da kullun, kamar zanen ɓatanci ga musulmi da kuma ɓatanci ga abubuwa masu tsarki a muslunci kamar alkur'ani da Annabi.
  • Nesanta musulmi daga siyasa da gwamnati da ɗaukan aiki da harkar tafiyarwa da gudanarwa.[13]

Takitaccen Tarihin Yaɗuwar Ƙyamatar Muslunci Da Musulmi A Ƙasashen Yammacin Duniya

Bisa ga ra'ayin wasu masu bincike na siyasa, an kafa ƙungiyoyin Muslunci a shekara ta 1950-1970 don yaƙar mulkin mallaka da ra'ayin gwamnatin duniya,[14] da tallata Musulunci a matsayin mafi girman al'amari na adawa da ƙasashen yamma bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Sobiyat; Ya kai ga yanke shawarar tinkarar dabarar kira zuwa ga addinin muslunci da manyan ƙasashen duniya suke yi ta hanyar amfani da dabaru misalin ƙyamar muslunci don raunana Musulunci da kuma kawar da shi daga doran ƙasa.[15]

Har ila yau, bisa wani bincike, wasu masanan siyasar yammacin duniya, irin su Samuel Huntington da Bernard Lewis, sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa ƙyamar muslunci ta hanyar amfani da wasu dabaru kamar, kishin Musulunci, kishin sunnanci da sauransu, Wannan yunƙuri ya samu nasara, la'akari da wasu fagage na wannann al'amari a cikin ƙasashen musulmi, kamar ayyukan tashin hankali na ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin muslunci.[16] Wasu masu tunani sun jaddada cewa ɗaya daga cikin muhimman kayan aikin ƙasashen musulmi a wannann fanni shi ne fahimtar aikin ƙyamatar Musulunci, da mai da hankali kan fagage da abubuwan da suke haifar da shi, da ɗaukar matakai don tinkarar wannann matsala.[17]

Maɓuɓɓugar Ƙyamatar Muslunci

Wasu masu bincike sun nuna cewa yaduwar ƙyamar Musulunci, musamman a ƙasashen yamma, ya samo asali ne daga fagagen tarihi da alaƙar da ke tsakanin musulmi da ƙasashen yammacin duniya, wannann lamarin ya shafi al'adu da zamantakewa da siyasa.[18] Bisa ra'ayin wasu masu bincike, wannann al'amari yana faruwa ko dai ta hanyar sa hannu daga waje don karkatar da gaskiyar Musulunci, ko kuma daga wasu lalatattun musulmi. Wasu daga dalilai masu tasiri kan yaduwar ƙyamar muslunci, Cin karo da juna tsakanin maslahohi da bambance-bambancen ƙimomin duniya tsakanin Muslunci da Yammacin duniya, hare-haren ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulunci, rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin Isra'ila da Larabawa, jahilci da rashin fahimtar Muslunci da Musulmi, tsoron mutanen Yamma game da barazanar yawan jama'a da al'adu na Musulmi, da kuma dabarun kafafen yada labarai na Yammaci wajen ƙirƙirar ra'ayoyin jama'a..[19]

Tarihin Ƙyamatar Musulinci

A cewar da dama daga cikin masana masu tunani, ba wai tsoron Yammaci da ƙiyayyarta ga Muslunci da Musulmi kaɗai ne suke da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu ba, sai dai cewa abubuwa ne da suke da tushe a rikicin tarihi tsakanin gwamnatocin Musulunci da na Yammaci, da kuma saɓanin da ke tsakanin su a fannin ƙa'idoji da ƙimomi, wanda hakan ne ya haifar da wannan matsala.[20] Wannann ya bayyana tare da ɓullowar Musulunci da adawa da daular Rum da Kiristanci.[21] Yaƙin Andalusia, yaƙin da ake kira da Salibiyya.[22] Rikice-rikicen daular Usmaniyya da Turawa da mulkin mallaka na ƙasashen Turai a ƙarni na sha takwas da sha tara duk sun bada gudummawa.[23]

Matsalolin Cikin Gida Da Duniyar Muslunce Ke Fama Ita

Akwai abubuwa da yawa da suke nuna rauni da yawa a duniyar Musulunci daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suke ƙarfafa aikin ƙyamar Musulunci, waɗanda suka hada da:

  • Rarrabuwar addini da raunin haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashen Musulunci.
  • Rashin ciga da kuma talauci.
  • Raunin dimokuraɗiyya da rashin halascin gwamnatoci a da yawan ƙasashen Musulunci.
  • Rikici da nuna rashin tausayi a tsakanin mabanbantan ƙabilu .
  • Raunin kiyaye haƙƙin mutane da kuma keta haƙƙin mata.
  • Rashin ci gaban kafafan watsa labarai a duniyar muslunci idan aka kwatantasu da na Yammacin duniya.[24]

Jahiltar Muslunci Na Asali A Yammacin Turai

Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa rashin sanin Musulunci da musulmi na daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙyamar Musulunci.[25] Kamar yadda wasu masu bincike ke cewa, rashin sanin addinin musulunci a tsakanin turawan yamma shi ya sa suke ganin cewa dukkan musulmi Larabawa ne. Haka nan ba su ga wata kalma da take bayyana Musulunci ba fiye da kalmar jihadi ba. Kalmar da suka yi imani ita ce sanadi da dalilin tashin hankali da ta'addanci. Masu bincike sun lura cewa kafafen yada labarai sun taka rawa wajan jahilci da rashin sanin gaskiya game da Musulunci da hukunce-hukuncensa da dokokinsa.[26]

Tsoron Muslunci

Bisa wasu bincike, ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka haifar da munana zato ga Musulunci shi ne, tsoron Musulunci a ƙasashen yamma. An raba wannan tsoran zuwa gida biyu; Tsoro ada da kuma tsoro a yau, dangane da tsoro na tarihi ko ra'ayin da yake ganin Musulunci a matsayin barazana ta addini, `yan mishan Kirista sun yi magana game da lokacin gasa tsakanin addinan guda biyu, Kiristanci da Muslunci, wajen cin galaba da kwace ƙasashe masu riƙo da addini daban-daban. Tsoro na zamani ko ra'ayin da yake ganin Musulunci a matsayin barazanar siyasa, yana nuna yiwuwar Musulunci ya zama babban karfi na siyasa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a nan gaba. `Yan siyasar yammacin duniya ne suka yaɗa wannann tsoran dangane da Musulunci.[27]

Hijira Da Ƙaruwar Adadin Musulmai Masu Zama A Yammacin Turai

Hijira da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin musulmi suka yi dinga yi zuwa Turai bayan yaƙkin duniya na biyu, domin yin aiki da tara jari, da ƙaruwar al'ummar musulmi a ƙasashen turai, wasu dalilai ne na yaduwar ƙyamar Musulunci a Turai.[28]

Wani bincike ya nuna cewa tsawon lokacin da aka yi ana hijirar wanda haka ya haifar da samuwar al'ummar musulmi da tsiraru tare da bayyanar zuriya ta biyu da ta uku na baƙin haure a ƙasashen yammacin Turai, inda sannu a hankali, Musulunci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan addinai a Turai da wasu ƙasashe, aka wayhi gari ya zama addini na biyu mafi girma.[29]

A cewar masu bincike, ƙaruwar al'ummar musulmi a nahiyar Turai ya sanya yammacin duniya musamman kafafen yaɗa labaransu suka damu sosai sabo da yiwuwar sauya alƙiblar al'umma da kuma yadda canjin al'adu ke faruwa sakamakon hakan.[30] Wasu masu bincike suna ganin cewa musulmin da suka yi hijira zuwa Turai bayan ƙarshen yaƙin duniya na biyu ba su da ƙarfin daidaita al'adun su da na Turawa, saboda tsattsauran ra'ayin al'adu, kuma hakan ya haifar da mummunar ƙyama a tsakanin Turawa da dukkan musulmi.[31]

Bayyanar Asalin Muslunci

Yaɗuwar aƙidu da ke da alaƙa da Musulunci na siyasa, musamman ta fuskar bayyanar ayyukan ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin muhimman dalilan da ke haifar da yaɗuwar ƙyamar Musulunci a cikin ƙasashen muslunci.[32] Kamar yadda wasu masu bincike suka yi nuni da cewa, kafa kungiyoyin Salafawa irinsu `yan uwa musulmi (Muslem brothers), Takfir wal Hijra, Jihad, Alƙa'ida, Taliban da ISIS, da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan ta'addanci.[33] da abubuwan da suka faru a sha ɗaya ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 2001.[34] Kashe-kashen barkatai da ake yi a Iraƙi da Siriya, da kuma hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake da ake yi a duniya, sun haifar da samun ƙaruwar jam'iyyun da ke da ra'ayin mazan jiya a Turai.[35] Waɗannan jam'iyyu a Turai sun sami damar yaɗa maganganun ƙyamar Musulunci tare da zartar da dokokin nuna wariya ga musulmi ta hanyar alaƙanta rashin tsaro a Turai da musulmi baƙi `yan cirani.[36]

Ayyukan Kafafan Watsa Labarai

Yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban da kuma tasirinsu mai yawa wajen samar da yanayi da tsara ra'ayin jama'a, ana ɗaukarsu ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da yaɗuwar ƙyamar Musulunci.[37] Inda kafafan watsa labarai na Yamma suka zama tushen wannann lamari.[38] Bisa ra'ayin wasu masu bincike, tushen ƙyamar Musulunci ya dogara ne da hotuna, kuma ta hanyarsu ake fahimtar gaskiyar lamarin.[39]

Bincike ya nuna cewa ilimin addinin muslunci ga mutanan Yammacin Turai ya ta'allaƙa ne da kafafen yaɗa labarai, kuma suna nuni da kaɗan ne ga tushen bincike. Don haka ne kafafen yaɗa labarai ke da ƙarfin da ba za a iya ja da su ba wajen haifar da mummunan zato a tsakanin mutanen yammacin duniya da sanin halayensu ga Musulunci da musulmi.[40]

Dabarun Magance Ƙyamatar Musulinci

Masu bincike da `yan siyasa a duniyar Musulunci sun tattauna dabaru da dama don tunkarar batun ƙyamar Musulunci da kuma abubuwan da suka haifar da yaɗuwarsa, kamar haka:

  • Haɓaka kafofin watsa labarai da haɗin gwiwa don wakiltar duniyar Musulunci.
  • Sadarwa kai tsaye tsakanin musulmin da ke zaune a yammacin duniya, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ba na hukuma ba.
  • Ƙirƙirar dangantaka ta yau da kullun tare da cibiyoyin addini na Yamma.
  • Haɓaka musayar wayewa don raunana tsattsauran ra'ayi.
  • Samar da abubuwan da suka wajaba (Nazari da yawon bude ido) don gabatar da Musulunci na gaskiya.[41]
  • Kula da ƙa'idojin Musulunci domin nisantar rigingimun cikin gida a duniyar Musulunci (Haɗa kan mazhabobin Musulunci).
  • Buƙatar mutane su ba da gudummawa wajen tafiyar da ƙasashen musulmi ta hanyar ƙarfafa tsarin dimokuraɗiyya.[42]
  • Magance matsalar tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini.
  • Bambanta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da sauran musulmi.[43]

Martani Kan Ƙyamatar Musulinci

Shuwagabanni da masana na ƙasashen musulmi sun ɗauki matakin mayar da martani kan yaɗuwar ƙyamar Musulunci, Kamar sakon Ayatullah Sayyid Ali Khamna'i zuwa ga matasan Turai da Arewacin Amurka, Ya aike musu da wannann sako ne bayan wani harin ta'addanci da ƙungiyoyin muslunci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka kai kan ƙasar Faransa, inda ya buƙaci su koyi addinin Musulunci ta hanyar nassosinshi na asali, kamar kur'ani da tarihin Manzon Allah (S.A.W) a maimakon dogaro da ƙafafen yaɗa labarai[44]

Bayanin kula

  1. ↑ Naseri Taheri, "Mabani wa Rushehaye tarikhi islam herasi garb; barasi mauridi janghaye Salibi", shafi na 123.
  2. ↑ Qanberlou, "11 September wa gustarashe padideh islam harasi dar garb", shafi na 104-105.
  3. ↑ Duba Shir Gholami, "Islam harasi wa islam satizi: deh sal pas az hadiseh 11 September", shafi 996; Alipour et al., " Rahburdi Pishgiri wa mukabalaeh ba Islam harasi,", shafi na 101; Eftekhari, "Dahe cehre islam harasi: Salbi wa ijabi dar tabligat garb", shafi na 29.
  4. ↑ Eftekhari, "Dahe cehre islam harasi: Salbi wa ijabi dar tabligat garb", shafi na31
  5. ↑ Morshidizadeh da Ghaffari, "Islam harasi dar Oruppa, risheha wa Awamil", shafi na 114.
  6. ↑ Alipour et al., "Raheburdi pishgiri wa mukabale ba silam harasi", shafi na 99.
  7. ↑ Majidi da Sadeghi, Islam harasi garbi, 2014, shafi 20-21; Alipour et al., "Raheburduhaye pishgiri wa mukbalae ba islam harasi", shafi na 104; Alizadeh et al., "Barasi padide islam harasi wa rahekarehaye Kur'ani mukabale ba an", shafi na 381.
  8. ↑ Muslimi, "Guzareshe Ranimed Terrace /Islam harasi: Caleshi dar barabare hamema Kalubale", shafi na 39.
  9. ↑ Muslimi, "Guazaresh Ranimed Terrace/Islam harasi: Kalubale Ga Dukkan Mu", shafi na 41-38; Issazadeh et al., "Dabarun fahimtCaleshi dar barabare hame ma ", shafi na 134.
  10. ↑ Nazari, "Farayande Huwiyyati dar garb wa baznamayi siyasat guzari mubtana bar heras: Dark zaminehaye islam harasi. ", shafi na 124.
  11. ↑ Eftekhari, " Do cehare islam harasi: salbi wa ijhabi dar tabligat garb", shafi na 31-32.
  12. ↑ Sabaghian da Khaksar, "Namudhaye bIjtima'i Islam harasi wa islam satizi dar Ingilistan", shafi na 144-150.
  13. ↑ Morshidizadeh wa Ghaffari, "Islam harasi dar Oroppa, Risheha da Awamil ", shafi na 124
  14. ↑ Eftekhari, " Do Cehere Islam Herasi: Salbi wa Ijabi dar tabligat", shafi na 30.
  15. ↑ Alipour et al., "Raheburdihaye pishgiri wa mukabaleh ba Islam Harasi", shafi na 99
  16. ↑ Eftekhari, " Do Cehere Salbi wa Ijabi dar tabligat garb ", shafi na 30.
  17. ↑ Nazari, "Farayandeh Huwiyyati dar Garb wa baznamayi Siyasatguzari mubtana bar haras: Dark zaminehaye Islam harasi", shafi 120; Dagmejian, Musulunci a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci: Harkar Musulunci a Islam dar Inkilab: Janbashhaye islami dar jahan Arab, 1377, shafi na 19-29.
  18. ↑ Morshidizadeh da Ghaffari, "Islam Harasi dar oroppa, Risheha wa Awamil", shafi na 125.
  19. ↑ Issazadeh et al., "Rishehaye Tarikhi wa ilal Islam harasi Mu'asir", shafi na 115-116.
  20. ↑ Toprak, Muhammad, Cera Anha az islam mutanaffiran ya mitarsan? Majmu'eh makalat hamayesh Islam pas az 11 september : Ilal wa rawandeha wa rahe halli.
  21. ↑ Tavasli, "Shark shinasi Hegali wa siyasat rasane'i mubtana bar islam harasi Manufar Gabas ta Hegelian shafi na 59.
  22. ↑ Naseri, “Mabani wa Risheha tarikh Islam harasi garb, barasi mauridi janghaye Salibi ", shafi na 124.
  23. ↑ Issazadeh et al., "Tarikh wa Ilal Islam harasi Mu'asir", shafi na 105.
  24. ↑ Alipour et al., "Raheburdihaye pishgiri wa mukabaleh ba islam harasi", shafi na 110.
  25. ↑ Shir Gholami, "Islam harasi wa islam satizi: Dah sal pish az hadiseh 11 September ", shafi na 999.
  26. ↑ Issazadeh et al., "Rishehaye Tarikhi wa Ilal Islam Harasi Mu'asir", shafi na 112-109.
  27. ↑ Issazadeh et al., "Rishehaye Tarikhi wa Ilal Islam Harasi Mu'asir", shafi na 112-114.
  28. ↑ Morshidizadeh da Ghaffari, "Islam Harasi dar Oroppa, Risheha wa Awamil ", shafi na 118; Issazadeh et al., "Rishehaye Tarikhi wa Ilal Islam harasi Mu'asir", shafi na 113-114.
  29. ↑ Naqibzadeh, Niyaz be Dushman, in bar Islami, shafi na 401
  30. ↑ Morshidizad wa Digaran, Islam harasi dar oroppa; Risheha wa Awamil, shafi na 127.
  31. ↑ Issazadeh et al., "Rishehayye Tarikhi wa Iall Islam Harasi Mu'asiri", shafi na 113-114.
  32. ↑ Seifi, " Ifratigeri no salafi dar jahane Islam: Asar wa rabashehaye muwajaha ba an.", shafi 133; Eftekhari, "Do cehere Islam harasi: salbi wa ijabi..", shafi na 38; Morshidizad wa Digaran, Islam Harasi dar oroppa, shafi na 127-131.
  33. ↑ Morshidizad wa Digaran,Islam Harasi dar oroppa, shafi na 130-131
  34. ↑ Shir Gholami, "Islam harasi wa islam satizi pas az hadiseh 11 september", shafi na 1003.
  35. ↑ Zare da Rostami, "Pyamadhaye zuhuri tororisim dar garb Asiya bar Kehswarehaye oroppayi", shafi na 57-61.
  36. ↑ Zare da Rostami, "Pyamadhaye zuhuri tororisim dar garb Asiya bar Kehswarehaye oroppayi", shafi na 57-61.
  37. ↑ Issazadeh wa Sharafuddin, "Islam harasi dar Rasanehaye taswiri garb", shafi na 51-52.
  38. ↑ Majidi wa Sadeghi, Islam Harasi garbi, 2014, shafi na 49.
  39. ↑ Eftekhari, "Do Cehere Islam harasi: Salbi wa Ijabi...", shafi na 32.
  40. ↑ Issazadeh wa Sharafuddin, "Wakawi nakhshe rasanehaye garbi dar Islam harasi mu'asir", shafi na 162-165.
  41. ↑ Issazadeh wa Sharafuddin, "Wakawi nakhshe rasanehaye garbi dar Islam harasi mu'asir", shafi na 162-165.
  42. ↑ Alizadeh et al., "Barasi padide islam harasi wa rahekare Kur'ani ba an shi", shafi na 400-397.
  43. ↑ Seifi, "Ifratigeri no salafi dar jahan Islam: Asar wa rabashehaye muwajaha ba an", shafi na 134-137.
  44. ↑ نامه‌ای برای تو، Shafin Ayatullah Khamenei.

Nassoshi

Toprak, Mohammad, " Cera Anha az Islam mutanaffiran ya mi tarsan?", dar majmu'eh makalatv hamayeshe Islam harasi pas az 11 September: Ilalu rawandeha wa rahe halli dalilai, Tehran, Culture, Art and Communication Research Institute, 2009.

«زمینه‌های رشد اسلام‌هراسی ساختمند در بریتانیا»، Jaridar Bi-Quarterly na Kimiyyar Siyasa, No. 14, 2011.

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